P.1496 – §1 John the Baptist was born
March 25, 7 B.C., in accordance with the promise that Gabriel made to
Elizabeth in June of the previous year. For five months Elizabeth kept
secret Gabriel’s visitation; and when she told her husband, Zacharias,
he was greatly troubled and fully believed her narrative only after he
had an unusual dream about six weeks before the birth of John. Excepting
the visit of Gabriel to Elizabeth and the dream of Zacharias, there was
nothing unusual or supernatural connected with the birth of John the Baptist.
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P.1496 – §2 On the eighth day John was circumcised
according to the Jewish custom. He grew up as an ordinary child, day by
day and year by year, in the small village known in those days as the
City of Judah, about four miles west of Jerusalem.
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circumcize < circum (around) + caedere (cut) |
P.1496 – §3 The most eventful occurrence in John’s
early childhood was the visit, in company with his parents, to Jesus and
the Nazareth family. This visit occurred in the month of June, 1 B.C.,
when he was a little over six years of age.
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P.1496 – §4 After their return from Nazareth John’s
parents began the systematic education of the lad. There was no synagogue
school in this little village; however, as he was a priest, Zacharias
was fairly well educated, and Elizabeth was far better educated than the
average Judean woman; she was also of the priesthood, being a descendant
of the "daughters of Aaron." Since John was an only child, they
spent a great deal of time on his mental and spiritual training. Zacharias
had only short periods of service at the temple in Jerusalem so that he
devoted much of his time to teaching his son.
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P.1496 – §5 Zacharias and Elizabeth had a small farm
on which they raised sheep. They hardly made a living on this land, but
Zacharias received a regular allowance from the temple funds dedicated
to the priesthood. |
make a living, 생계를 잇다 |
1. JOHN BECOMES A NAZARITE – P.1496
P.1496 – §6 John had no school from which to graduate
at the age of fourteen, but his parents had selected this as the appropriate
year for him to take the formal Nazarite vow. Accordingly, Zacharias and
Elizabeth took their son to Engedi, down by the Dead Sea. This was the
southern headquarters of the Nazarite brotherhood, and there the lad was
duly and solemnly inducted into this order for life. After these ceremonies
and the making of the vows to abstain from all intoxicating drinks, to
let the hair grow, and to refrain from touching the dead, the family proceeded
to Jerusalem, where, before the temple, John completed the making of the
offerings which were required of those taking Nazarite vows.
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induct, 취임시키다, 입대, 자리에 앉히다
order, 계급
for life, 종신 |
P.1496 – §7 John took the same life vows that had
been administered to his illustrious predecessors, Samson and the prophet
Samuel. A life Nazarite was looked upon as a sanctified and holy personality.
The Jews regarded a Nazarite with almost the respect and veneration accorded
the high priest, and this was not strange since
P.1497 – §0 Nazarites of lifelong consecration were
the only persons, except high priests, who were ever permitted to enter
the holy of holies in the temple.
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sanctify < sanctficare = make holy
illustrious < illustrare (light up), 빛나는
dominus illuminatio mea (oxford university logo)
"The Lord is my light"
Veritas lux mea (Truth is my light)
venerate < venerari (worship), 존중하다
holy of holies, 가장 거룩한 곳, 지성소
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P.1497 – §1 John returned home from Jerusalem to
tend his father’s sheep and grew up to be a strong man with a noble character.
P.1497 – §2 When sixteen years old, John, as a result
of reading about Elijah, became greatly impressed with the prophet of
Mount Carmel and decided to adopt his style of dress. From that day on
John always wore a hairy garment with a leather girdle. At sixteen he
was more than six feet tall and almost full grown. With his flowing hair
and peculiar mode of dress he was indeed a picturesque youth. And his
parents expected great things of this their only son, a child of promise
and a Nazarite for life. |
tend sheep, 양을 돌보다
from that date on, 그날부터 죽
girdle, 띠 (허리를 감는 넓은 띠)
picturesque, 그림같은, 아름다운 |
2. THE DEATH OF ZACHARIAS – P.1497
P.1497 – §3 After an illness of several months Zacharias
died in July, A.D. 12, when John was just past eighteen years of age.
This was a time of great embarrassment to John since the Nazarite vow
forbade contact with the dead, even in one’s own family. Although John
had endeavored to comply with the restrictions of his vow regarding contamination
by the dead, he doubted that he had been wholly obedient to the requirements
of the Nazarite order; therefore, after his father’s burial he went to
Jerusalem, where, in the Nazarite corner of the women’s court, he offered
the sacrifices required for his cleansing.
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contaminate < con + tangere (touch), 오염되다 |
P.1497 – §4 In September of this year Elizabeth and
John made a journey to Nazareth to visit Mary and Jesus. John had just
about made up his mind to launch out in his lifework, but he was admonished,
not only by Jesus’ words but also by his example, to return home, take
care of his mother, and await the "coming of the Father’s hour."
After bidding Jesus and Mary good-bye at the end of this enjoyable visit,
John did not again see Jesus until the event of his baptism in the Jordan.
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P.1497 – §5 John and Elizabeth returned to their
home and began to lay plans for the future. Since John refused to accept
the priest’s allowance due him from the temple funds, by the end of two
years they had all but lost their home; so they decided to go south with
the sheep herd. Accordingly, the summer that John was twenty years of
age witnessed their removal to Hebron. In the so-called "wilderness
of Judea" John tended his sheep along a brook that was tributary
to a larger stream which entered the Dead Sea at Engedi. The Engedi colony
included not only Nazarites of lifelong and time-period consecration but
numerous other ascetic herdsmen who congregated in this region with their
herds and fraternized with the Nazarite brotherhood. They supported themselves
by sheep raising and from gifts which wealthy Jews made to the order.
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lay plans, 계획을 짜다
allowance, 용돈, 배당금 |
P.1497 – §6 As time passed, John returned less often
to Hebron, while he made more frequent visits to Engedi. He was so entirely
different from the majority of the Nazarites that he found it very difficult
fully to fraternize with the brotherhood. But he was very fond of Abner,
the acknowledged leader and head of the Engedi colony. |
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3. THE LIFE OF A SHEPHERD – P.1497
P.1497 – §7 Along the valley of this little brook
John built no less than a dozen stone shelters and night corrals, consisting
of piled-up stones, wherein he could watch
P.1498 – §0 over and safeguard his herds of sheep
and goats. John’s life as a shepherd afforded him a great deal of time
for thought. He talked much with Ezda, an orphan lad of Beth-zur, whom
he had in a way adopted, and who cared for the herds when he made trips
to Hebron to see his mother and to sell sheep, as well as when he went
down to Engedi for Sabbath services. John and the lad lived very simply,
subsisting on mutton, goat’s milk, wild honey, and the edible locusts
of that region. This, their regular diet, was supplemented by provisions
brought from Hebron and Engedi from time to time.
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corral, 목장, 동물의 우리 (Gunfight at the OK corral)
from time to time, 때때로 |
P.1498 – §1 Elizabeth kept John posted about Palestinian
and world affairs, and his conviction grew deeper and deeper that the
time was fast approaching when the old order was to end; that he was to
become the herald of the approach of a new age, "the kingdom of heaven."
This rugged shepherd was very partial to the writings of the Prophet Daniel.
He read a thousand times Daniel’s description of the great image, which
Zacharias had told him represented the history of the great kingdoms of
the world, beginning with Babylon, then Persia, Greece, and finally Rome.
John perceived that already was Rome composed of such polyglot peoples
and races that it could never become a strongly cemented and firmly consolidated
empire. He believed that Rome was even then divided, as Syria, Egypt,
Palestine, and other provinces; and then he further read "in the
days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which shall
never be destroyed. And this kingdom shall not be left to other people
but shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall
stand forever." "And there was given him dominion and glory
and a kingdom that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him.
His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and
his kingdom never shall be destroyed." "And the kingdom and
dominion and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven shall
be given to the people of the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is
an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him."
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keep one posted = bring news regularly, 시사 정보를 알려주다
old order, 옛 체제
partial to something, ~을 매우 좋아하다
cement, 시멘트로 고정시키다
dominion, 영토, 통치권 |
P.1498 – §2 John was never able completely to rise
above the confusion produced by what he had heard from his parents concerning
Jesus and by these passages which he read in the Scriptures. In Daniel
he read: "I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son
of Man came with the clouds of heaven, and there was given him dominion
and glory and a kingdom." But these words of the prophet did not
harmonize with what his parents had taught him. Neither did his talk with
Jesus, at the time of his visit when he was eighteen years old, correspond
with these statements of the Scriptures. Notwithstanding this confusion,
throughout all of his perplexity his mother assured him that his distant
cousin, Jesus of Nazareth, was the true Messiah, that he had come to sit
on the throne of David, and that he (John) was to become his advance herald
and chief support.
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perplexity, 혼란 |
P.1498 – §3 From all John heard of the vice and wickedness
of Rome and the dissoluteness and moral barrenness of the empire, from
what he knew of the evil doings of Herod Antipas and the governors of
Judea, he was minded to believe that the end of the age was impending.
It seemed to this rugged and noble child of nature that the world was
ripe for the end of the age of man and the dawn of the new and divine
age–the kingdom of heaven. The feeling grew in John’s heart that he was
to be the last of the old prophets and the first of the new. And he fairly
vibrated with the mounting impulse to go forth and proclaim to all men:
"Repent! Get right with God! Get ready for the end; prepare yourselves
for the appearance of the new and eternal order of earth affairs, the
kingdom of heaven." |
dissolute < dissolvere (dissolve), 용해된, 방탕한 |
4. THE DEATH OF ELIZABETH – P.1499
P.1499 – §1 On August 17, A.D. 22, when John was
twenty-eight years of age, his mother suddenly passed away. Elizabeth’s
friends, knowing of the Nazarite restrictions regarding contact with the
dead, even in one’s own family, made all arrangements for the burial of
Elizabeth before sending for John. When he received word of the death
of his mother, he directed Ezda to drive his herds to Engedi and started
for Hebron.
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send for somebody, ~를 부르러 보내다
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P.1499 – §2 On returning to Engedi from his mother’s
funeral, he presented his flocks to the brotherhood and for a season detached
himself from the outside world while he fasted and prayed. John knew only
of the old methods of approach to divinity; he knew only of the records
of such as Elijah, Samuel, and Daniel. Elijah was his ideal of a prophet.
Elijah was the first of the teachers of Israel to be regarded as a prophet,
and John truly believed that he was to be the last of this long and illustrious
line of the messengers of heaven.
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P.1499 – §3 For two and a half years John lived at
Engedi, and he persuaded most of the brotherhood that "the end of
the age was at hand"; that "the kingdom of heaven was about
to appear." And all his early teaching was based upon the current
Jewish idea and concept of the Messiah as the promised deliverer of the
Jewish nation from the domination of their gentile rulers.
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at hand, 가까이 있다.
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P.1499 – §4 Throughout this period John read much
in the sacred writings which he found at the Engedi home of the Nazarites.
He was especially impressed by Isaiah and by Malachi, the last of the
prophets up to that time. He read and reread the last five chapters of
Isaiah, and he believed these prophecies. Then he would read in Malachi:
"Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of
the great and dreadful day of the Lord; and he shall turn the hearts of
the fathers toward the children and the hearts of the children toward
their fathers, lest I come and smite the earth with a curse."
And
it was only this promise of Malachi that Elijah would return that deterred
John from going forth to preach about the coming kingdom and to exhort
his fellow Jews to flee from the wrath to come. John was ripe for the
proclamation of the message of the coming kingdom, but this expectation
of the coming of Elijah held him back for more than two years. He knew
he was not Elijah. What did Malachi mean? Was the prophecy literal or
figurative? How could he know the truth? He finally dared to think that,
since the first of the prophets was called Elijah, so the last should
be known, eventually, by the same name. Nevertheless, he had doubts, doubts
sufficient to prevent his ever calling himself Elijah.
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deter < de (away) + terrere (frighten), 놀래켜서 쫓아 버리다, 막다
wrath to come, 다가올 진노
literal or figurative? 글자 그대로인가, 아니면 상징인가? |
P.1499 – §5 It was the influence of Elijah that caused
John to adopt his methods of direct and blunt assault upon the sins and
vices of his contemporaries. He sought to dress like Elijah, and he endeavored
to talk like Elijah; in every outward aspect he was like the olden prophet.
He was just such a stalwart and picturesque child of nature, just such
a fearless and daring preacher of righteousness. John was not illiterate,
he did well know the Jewish sacred writings, but he was hardly cultured.
He was a clear thinker, a powerful speaker, and a fiery denunciator. He
was hardly an example to his age, but he was an eloquent rebuke.
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contemorary < con + tempor (time), 동시대의 사람
illiterate < in (not) + litteratus, 문맹 |
P.1499 – §6 At last he thought out the method of
proclaiming the new age, the kingdom of God; he settled that he was to
become the herald of the Messiah; he swept aside all doubts and departed
from Engedi one day in March of A.D. 25 to begin his short but brilliant
career as a public preacher. |
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5. THE KINGDOM OF GOD – P.1500
P.1500 – §1 In order to understand John’s message,
account should be taken of the status of the Jewish people at the time
he appeared upon the stage of action. For almost one hundred years all
Israel had been in a quandary; they were at a loss to explain their continuous
subjugation to gentile overlords. Had not Moses taught that righteousness
was always rewarded with prosperity and power? Were they not God’s chosen
people? Why was the throne of David desolate and vacant? In the light
of the Mosaic doctrines and the precepts of the prophets the Jews found
it difficult to explain their long-continued national desolation.
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take account of, 고려하다
quandary < quando (when), 곤경
subjugate < sub + jugum (yoke), 지배하다
desolate < de (thorough) +solus (alone), 버려진
vacant < vacare 비워두다, vacation, 방학, |
P.1500 – §2 About one hundred years before the days
of Jesus and John a new school of religious teachers arose in Palestine,
the apocalyptists. These new teachers evolved a system of belief that
accounted for the sufferings and humiliation of the Jews on the ground
that they were paying the penalty for the nation’s sins. They fell back
onto the well-known reasons assigned to explain the Babylonian and other
captivities of former times. But, so taught the apocalyptists, Israel
should take heart; the days of their affliction were almost over; the
discipline of God’s chosen people was about finished; God’s patience with
the gentile foreigners was about exhausted.
The end of Roman rule was
synonymous with the end of the age and, in a certain sense, with the end
of the world. These new teachers leaned heavily on the predictions of
Daniel, and they consistently taught that creation was about to pass into
its final stage; the kingdoms of this world were about to become the kingdom
of God. To the Jewish mind of that day this was the meaning of that phrase–the
kingdom of heaven–which runs throughout the teachings of both John and
Jesus. To the Jews of Palestine the phrase "kingdom of heaven"
had but one meaning: an absolutely righteous state in which God (the Messiah)
would rule the nations of earth in perfection of power just as he ruled
in heaven–"Your will be done on earth as in heaven."
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precept < pre (before) + capere (take, grasp), 경고, 교훈 가르침
apocalyps < G: apo (un) + kaluptein (cover), reveal. 계시, 묵시, 대재앙
apocalyptist, 계시론자
on the ground that ~라는 이유로, 근거로
take heart, 기운을 내다
King David, 1010 BC – 970 BC |
P.1500 – §3 In the days of John all Jews were expectantly
asking, "How soon will the kingdom come?" There was a general
feeling that the end of the rule of the gentile nations was drawing near.
There was present throughout all Jewry a lively hope and a keen expectation
that the consummation of the desire of the ages would occur during the
lifetime of that generation.
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consummation, 성취 |
P.1500 – §4 While the Jews differed greatly in their
estimates of the nature of the coming kingdom, they were alike in their
belief that the event was impending, near at hand, even at the door. Many
who read the Old Testament literally looked expectantly for a new king
in Palestine, for a regenerated Jewish nation delivered from its enemies
and presided over by the successor of King David, the Messiah who would
quickly be acknowledged as the rightful and righteous ruler of all the
world. Another, though smaller, group of devout Jews held a vastly different
view of this kingdom of God. They taught that the coming kingdom was not
of this world, that the world was approaching its certain end, and that
"a new heaven and a new earth" were to usher in the establishment
of the kingdom of God; that this kingdom was to be an everlasting dominion,
that sin was to be ended, and that the citizens of the new kingdom were
to become immortal in their enjoyment of this endless bliss.
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impending < in (towards) + pendere (hang), 다가오는, 바야흐로 일어나려 하는 |
P.1500 – §5 All were agreed that some drastic purging
or purifying discipline would of necessity precede the establishment of
the new kingdom on earth. The literalists taught that a world-wide war
would ensue which would destroy all unbelievers,
P.1501 – §0 while the faithful would sweep on to
universal and eternal victory. The spiritists taught that the kingdom
would be ushered in by the great judgment of God which would relegate
the unrighteous to their well-deserved judgment of punishment and final
destruction, at the same time elevating the believing saints of the chosen
people to high seats of honor and authority with the Son of Man, who would
rule over the redeemed nations in God’s name. And this latter group even
believed that many devout gentiles might be admitted to the fellowship
of the new kingdom.
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purge, 숙청하다, 제거하다
of necessity = necessarily, 반드시, 불가피하게,
sweep on (계속) 밀고나가다 (잘 x)
relegate < re + legare (send), 이관하다, 좌천시키다.
elevate 반대말 < ex + levare (lighten, alleviate 가볍게 만들다), 올리다
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P.1501 – §1 Some of the Jews held to the opinion
that God might possibly establish this new kingdom by direct and divine
intervention, but the vast majority believed that he would interpose some
representative intermediary, the Messiah. And that was the only possible
meaning the term Messiah could have had in the minds of the Jews of the
generation of John and Jesus. Messiah could not possibly refer to one
who merely taught God’s will or proclaimed the necessity for righteous
living. To all such holy persons the Jews gave the title of prophet. The
Messiah was to be more than a prophet; the Messiah was to bring in the
establishment of the new kingdom, the kingdom of God. No one who failed
to do this could be the Messiah in the traditional Jewish sense.
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intervene < inter (between) + venire (come), 간섭하다
interpose, 사이에 끼워놓다
in the minds of ~ 머리 속에
Book of Enoch (기원전 1세기), written before Maccabean uprising (167 BC, included in Pseudepigraph (가짜 문서), Enoch (3384 – 3019 BC) lived on earth for 365 years. No alphabet then.
First book of Enoch (37 – 71)
"I saw the One to Whom the time before time belongs"
"the Son of Man was named in the presence of the Lord."
Enoch 45:3-6절
The anointed (Messiah) will sit on a throne of glory. Afterward, he will come to earth to dwell with the righteous. |
P.1501 – §2 Who would this Messiah be? Again the
Jewish teachers differed. The older ones clung to the doctrine of the
son of David. The newer taught that, since the new kingdom was a heavenly
kingdom, the new ruler might also be a divine personality, one who had
long sat at God’s right hand in heaven. And strange as it may appear,
those who thus conceived of the ruler of the new kingdom looked upon him
not as a human Messiah, not as a mere man, but as "the Son of Man"–a
Son of God–a heavenly Prince, long held in waiting thus to assume the
rulership of the earth made new. Such was the religious background of
the Jewish world when John went forth proclaiming: "Repent, for the
kingdom of heaven is at hand!"
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cling to ~에 달라붙다
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P.1501 – §3 It becomes apparent, therefore, that John’s announcement
of the coming kingdom had not less than half a dozen different meanings
in the minds of those who listened to his impassioned preaching. But no
matter what significance they attached to the phrases which John employed,
each of these various groups of Jewish-kingdom expectants was intrigued
by the proclamations of this sincere, enthusiastic, rough-and-ready preacher
of righteousness and repentance, who so solemnly exhorted his hearers
to "flee from the wrath to come." |
rough and ready, 일처리를 대충하는 |
6. JOHN BEGINS TO PREACH – P.1501
P.1501 – §4 Early in the month of March, A.D. 25,
John journeyed around the western coast of the Dead Sea and up the river
Jordan to opposite Jericho, the ancient ford over which Joshua and the
children of Israel passed when they first entered the promised land; and
crossing over to the other side of the river, he established himself near
the entrance to the ford and began to preach to the people who passed
by on their way back and forth across the river. This was the most frequented
of all the Jordan crossings.
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opposite (place) ~맞은편
frequent (v) 빈번히 가다 |
P.1501 – §5 It was apparent to all who heard John
that he was more than a preacher. The great majority of those who listened
to this strange man who had come up from the Judean wilderness went away
believing that they had heard the voice of a prophet. No wonder the souls
of these weary and expectant Jews were deeply stirred by such a phenomenon.
Never in all Jewish history had the devout children
P.1502 – §0 of Abraham so longed for the "consolation
of Israel" or more ardently anticipated "the restoration of
the kingdom." Never in all Jewish history could John’s message, "the
kingdom of heaven is at hand," have made such a deep and universal
appeal as at the very time he so mysteriously appeared on the bank of
this southern crossing of the Jordan.
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apparent, 분명한
long for ~을 갈망하다
bank, 강둑 |
P.1502 – §1 He came from the herdsmen, like Amos.
He was dressed like Elijah of old, and he thundered his admonitions and
poured forth his warnings in the "spirit and power of Elijah."
It is not surprising that this strange preacher created a mighty stir
throughout all Palestine as the travelers carried abroad the news of his
preaching along the Jordan.
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of old, 옛날의
abroad, 바깥으로 |
P.1502 – §2 There was still another and a new feature
about the work of this Nazarite preacher: He baptized every one of his
believers in the Jordan "for the remission of sins." Although
baptism was not a new ceremony among the Jews, they had never seen it
employed as John now made use of it. It had long been the practice thus
to baptize the gentile proselytes into the fellowship of the outer court
of the temple, but never had the Jews themselves been asked to submit
to the baptism of repentance. Only fifteen months intervened between the
time John began to preach and baptize and his arrest and imprisonment
at the instigation of Herod Antipas, but in this short time he baptized
considerably over one hundred thousand penitents.
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remission < re + mittere (send), forgiveness, 면제, 사면, 병세에 차도 |
P.1502 – §3 John preached four months at Bethany
ford before starting north up the Jordan. Tens of thousands of listeners,
some curious but many earnest and serious, came to hear him from all parts
of Judea, Perea, and Samaria. Even a few came from Galilee.
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P.1502 – §4 In May of this year, while he still lingered
at Bethany ford, the priests and Levites sent a delegation out to inquire
of John whether he claimed to be the Messiah, and by whose authority he
preached. John answered these questioners by saying: "Go tell your
masters that you have heard `the voice of one crying in the wilderness,’
as spoken by the prophet, saying, `make ready the way of the Lord, make
straight a highway for our God. Every valley shall be filled, and every
mountain and hill shall be brought low; the uneven ground shall become
a plain, while the rough places shall become a smooth valley; and all
flesh shall see the salvation of God.’"
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linger, 남아 있다
delegate < de (down) + legare (depute, 위임하다). 위탁하다
delegation, (위임 받은 대표단)
voice of one crying in the wilderness (이사야 40장 3절) (Prepare ye the way of the Lord) |
P.1502 – §5 John was a heroic but tactless preacher.
One day when he was preaching and baptizing on the west bank of the Jordan,
a group of Pharisees and a number of Sadducees came forward and presented
themselves for baptism. Before leading them down into the water, John,
addressing them as a group said: "Who warned you to flee, as vipers
before the fire, from the wrath to come? I will baptize you, but I warn
you to bring forth fruit worthy of sincere repentance if you would receive
the remission of your sins. Tell me not that Abraham is your father. I
declare that God is able of these twelve stones here before you to raise
up worthy children for Abraham. And even now is the ax laid to the very
roots of the trees. Every tree that brings not forth good fruit is destined
to be cut down and cast into the fire." (The twelve stones to which
he referred were the reputed memorial stones set up by Joshua to commemorate
the crossing of the "twelve tribes" at this very point when
they first entered the promised land.)
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tactless, 요령이 없는
remit < re + mittere = send back, restore, 면제하다, 본국으로 송금하다 |
P.1502 – §6 John conducted classes for his disciples,
in the course of which he instructed them in the details of their new
life and endeavored to answer their many questions. He counseled the teachers
to instruct in the spirit as well as the letter of the law. He instructed
the rich to feed the poor; to the tax gatherers he said:
P.1503 – §0 "Extort no more than that which
is assigned you." To the soldiers he said: "Do no violence and
exact nothing wrongfully–be content with your wages." While he counseled
all: "Make ready for the end of the age–the kingdom of heaven is
at hand." |
extort < ex (out) + torquere (twist), 강탈하다
exact < ex + agere (perform), 강요하다 (force out) |
7. JOHN JOURNEYS NORTH – P.1503
P.1503 – §1 John still had confused ideas about the
coming kingdom and its king. The longer he preached the more confused
he became, but never did this intellectual uncertainty concerning the
nature of the coming kingdom in the least lessen his conviction of the
certainty of the kingdom’s immediate appearance. In mind John might be
confused, but in spirit never. He was in no doubt about the coming kingdom,
but he was far from certain as to whether or not Jesus was to be the ruler
of that kingdom. As long as John held to the idea of the restoration of
the throne of David, the teachings of his parents that Jesus, born in
the City of David, was to be the long-expected deliverer, seemed consistent;
but at those times when he leaned more toward the doctrine of a spiritual
kingdom and the end of the temporal age on earth, he was sorely in doubt
as to the part Jesus would play in such events. Sometimes he questioned
everything, but not for long. He really wished he might talk it all over
with his cousin, but that was contrary to their expressed agreement.
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confused < con (together) + fundere (mingle), 혼란스러운
convict < con + vincere (conquer, overcome), 확신
contrary < contra (against)
|
P.1503 – §2 As John journeyed north, he thought much
about Jesus. He paused at more than a dozen places as he traveled up the
Jordan. It was at Adam that he first made reference to "another one
who is to come after me" in answer to the direct question which his
disciples asked him, "Are you the Messiah?" And he went on to
say: "There will come after me one who is greater than I, whose sandal
straps I am not worthy to stoop down and unloose. I baptize you with water,
but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit. And his shovel is in his
hand thoroughly to cleanse his threshing floor; he will gather the wheat
into his garner, but the chaff will he burn up with the judgment fire."
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stoop down, 허리를 굽히다
thresh, 타작하다
garner < granum(grain), 모으다, 창고 |
P.1503 – §3 In response to the questions of his disciples
John continued to expand his teachings, from day to day adding more that
was helpful and comforting compared with his early and cryptic message:
"Repent and be baptized." By this time throngs were arriving
from Galilee and the Decapolis. Scores of earnest believers lingered with
their adored teacher day after day. |
day by day, 날마다 |
8. MEETING OF JESUS AND JOHN – P.1503
P.1503 – §4 By December of A.D. 25, when John reached
the neighborhood of Pella in his journey up the Jordan, his fame had extended
throughout all Palestine, and his work had become the chief topic of conversation
in all the towns about the lake of Galilee. Jesus had spoken favorably
of John’s message, and this had caused many from Capernaum to join John’s
cult of repentance and baptism. James and John the fishermen sons of Zebedee
had gone down in December, soon after John took up his preaching position
near Pella, and had offered themselves for baptism. They went to see John
once a week and brought back to Jesus fresh, first-hand reports of the
evangelist’s work.
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cult of something, ~을 부르짖는 종파 |
P.1503 – §5 Jesus’ brothers James and Jude had talked
about going down to John for baptism; and now that Jude had come over
to Capernaum for the Sabbath services,
P.1504 – §0 both he and James, after listening to
Jesus’ discourse in the synagogue, decided to take counsel with him concerning
their plans. This was on Saturday night, January 12, A.D. 26. Jesus requested
that they postpone the discussion until the following day, when he would
give them his answer. He slept very little that night, being in close
communion with the Father in heaven. He had arranged to have noontime
lunch with his brothers and to advise them concerning baptism by John.
That Sunday morning Jesus was working as usual in the boatshop. James
and Jude had arrived with the lunch and were waiting in the lumber room
for him, as it was not yet time for the midday recess, and they knew that
Jesus was very regular about such matters.
|
discourse < dis (away) + currere (run), 이리저리 달리다/논하다, 강론 |
P.1504 – §1 Just before the noon rest, Jesus laid
down his tools, removed his work apron, and merely announced to the three
workmen in the room with him, "My hour has come." He went out
to his brothers James and Jude, repeating, "My hour has come–let
us go to John." And they started immediately for Pella, eating their
lunch as they journeyed. This was on Sunday, January 13. They tarried
for the night in the Jordan valley and arrived on the scene of John’s
baptizing about noon of the next day.
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P.1504 – §2 John had just begun baptizing the candidates
for the day. Scores of repentants were standing in line awaiting their
turn when Jesus and his two brothers took up their positions in this line
of earnest men and women who had become believers in John’s preaching
of the coming kingdom. John had been inquiring about Jesus of Zebedee’s
sons. He had heard of Jesus’ remarks concerning his preaching, and he
was day by day expecting to see him arrive on the scene, but he had not
expected to greet him in the line of baptismal candidates.
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await their turn, 차례를 기다리다 |
P.1504 – §3 Being engrossed with the details of rapidly
baptizing such a large number of converts, John did not look up to see
Jesus until the Son of Man stood in his immediate presence. When John
recognized Jesus, the ceremonies were halted for a moment while he greeted
his cousin in the flesh and asked, "But why do you come down into
the water to greet me?" And Jesus answered, "To be subject to
your baptism." John replied: "But I have need to be baptized
by you. Why do you come to me?" And Jesus whispered to John: "Bear
with me now, for it becomes us to set this example for my brothers standing
here with me, and that the people may know that my hour has come."
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engrossed < in grosso (wholesale), 골돌히 빠지다 |
P.1504 – §4 There was a tone of finality and authority
in Jesus’ voice. John was atremble with emotion as he made ready to baptize
Jesus of Nazareth in the Jordan at noon on Monday, January 14, A.D. 26.
Thus did John baptize Jesus and his two brothers James and Jude. And when
John had baptized these three, he dismissed the others for the day, announcing
that he would resume baptisms at noon the next day. As the people were
departing, the four men still standing in the water heard a strange sound,
and presently there appeared for a moment an apparition immediately over
the head of Jesus, and they heard a voice saying, "This is my beloved
Son in whom I am well pleased." A great change came over the countenance
of Jesus, and coming up out of the water in silence he took leave of them,
going toward the hills to the east. And no man saw Jesus again for forty
days.
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dismiss < dimittere (send away), 해산하다 |
P.1504 – §5 John followed Jesus a sufficient distance
to tell him the story of Gabriel’s visit to his mother ere either had
been born, as he had heard it so many times from his mother’s lips. He
allowed Jesus to continue on his way after he had said, "Now I know
of a certainty that you are the Deliverer." But Jesus made no reply. |
|
9. FORTY DAYS OF PREACHING – P.1505
P.1505 – §1 When John returned to his disciples (he
now had some twenty-five or thirty who abode with him constantly), he
found them in earnest conference, discussing what had just happened in
connection with Jesus’ baptism. They were all the more astonished when
John now made known to them the story of the Gabriel visitation to Mary
before Jesus was born, and also that Jesus spoke no word to him even after
he had told him about this. There was no rain that evening, and this group
of thirty or more talked long into the starlit night. They wondered where
Jesus had gone, and when they would see him again.
P.1505 – §2 After the experience of this day the
preaching of John took on new and certain notes of proclamation concerning
the coming kingdom and the expected Messiah. It was a tense time, these
forty days of tarrying, waiting for the return of Jesus. But John continued
to preach with great power, and his disciples began at about this time
to preach to the overflowing throngs which gathered around John at the
Jordan. |
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P.1505 – §3 In the course of these forty days of
waiting, many rumors spread about the countryside and even to Tiberias
and Jerusalem. Thousands came over to see the new attraction in John’s
camp, the reputed Messiah, but Jesus was not to be seen. When the disciples
of John asserted that the strange man of God had gone to the hills, many
doubted the entire story.
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deputation < deputare (appoint), 임명된 사람 |
P.1505 – §4 About three weeks after Jesus had left
them, there arrived on the scene at Pella a new deputation from the priests
and Pharisees at Jerusalem. They asked John directly if he was Elijah
or the prophet that Moses promised; and when John said, "I am not,"
they made bold to ask, "Are you the Messiah?" and John answered,
"I am not." Then said these men from Jerusalem: "If you
are not Elijah, nor the prophet, nor the Messiah, then why do you baptize
the people and create all this stir?" And John replied: "It
should be for those who have heard me and received my baptism to say who
I am, but I declare to you that, while I baptize with water, there has
been among us one who will return to baptize you with the Holy Spirit."
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P.1505 – §5 These forty days were a difficult period
for John and his disciples. What was to be the relation of John to Jesus?
A hundred questions came up for discussion. Politics and selfish preferment
began to make their appearance. Intense discussions grew up around the
various ideas and concepts of the Messiah. Would he become a military
leader and a Davidic king? Would he smite the Roman armies as Joshua had
the Canaanites? Or would he come to establish a spiritual kingdom? John
rather decided, with the minority, that Jesus had come to establish the
kingdom of heaven, although he was not altogether clear in his own mind
as to just what was to be embraced within this mission of the establishment
of the kingdom of heaven.
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John was uncertain about what the kingdom of heaven entails. |
P.1505 – §6 These were strenuous days in John’s experience,
and he prayed for the return of Jesus. Some of John’s disciples organized
scouting parties to go in search of Jesus, but John forbade, saying: "Our
times are in the hands of the God of heaven; he will direct his chosen
Son."
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strenuous < strenuus (brisk), 격렬한, 활발한
scout, 정찰하다, 찾다 |
P.1505 – §7 It was early on the morning of Sabbath,
February 23, that the company of John, engaged in eating their morning
meal, looked up toward the north and beheld Jesus coming to them. As he
approached them, John stood upon a large
P.1506 – §0 rock and, lifting up his sonorous voice,
said: "Behold the Son of God, the deliverer of the world! This is
he of whom I have said, `After me there will come one who is preferred
before me because he was before me.’ For this cause came I out of the
wilderness to preach repentance and to baptize with water, proclaiming
that the kingdom of heaven is at hand. And now comes one who shall baptize
you with the Holy Spirit. And I beheld the divine spirit descending upon
this man, and I heard the voice of God declare, `This is my beloved Son
in whom I am well pleased.’"
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P.1506 – §1 Jesus bade them return to their food
while he sat down to eat with John, his brothers James and Jude having
returned to Capernaum.
P.1506 – §2 Early in the morning of the next day
he took leave of John and his disciples, going back to Galilee. He gave
them no word as to when they would again see him. To John’s inquiries
about his own preaching and mission Jesus only said, "My Father will
guide you now and in the future as he has in the past." And these
two great men separated that morning on the banks of the Jordan, never
again to greet each other in the flesh. |
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10. JOHN JOURNEYS SOUTH – P.1506
P.1506 – §3 Since Jesus had gone north into Galilee,
John felt led to retrace his steps southward. Accordingly, on Sunday morning,
March 3, John and the remainder of his disciples began their journey south.
About one quarter of John’s immediate followers had meantime departed
for Galilee in quest of Jesus. There was a sadness of confusion about
John. He never again preached as he had before baptizing Jesus. He somehow
felt that the responsibility of the coming kingdom was no longer on his
shoulders. He felt that his work was almost finished; he was disconsolate
and lonely. But he preached, baptized, and journeyed on southward.
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disconsolate < dis + consolari (console), 위로가 없는
vehement = intense, violent, 강렬한 |
P.1506 – §4 Near the village of Adam, John tarried
for several weeks, and it was here that he made the memorable attack upon
Herod Antipas for unlawfully taking the wife of another man. By June of
this year (A.D. 26) John was back at the Bethany ford of the Jordan, where
he had begun his preaching of the coming kingdom more than a year previously.
In the weeks following the baptism of Jesus the character of John’s preaching
gradually changed into a proclamation of mercy for the common people,
while he denounced with renewed vehemence the corrupt political and religious
rulers.
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P.1506 – §5 Herod Antipas, in whose territory John
had been preaching, became alarmed lest he and his disciples should start
a rebellion. Herod also resented John’s public criticisms of his domestic
affairs. In view of all this, Herod decided to put John in prison. Accordingly,
very early in the morning of June 12, before the multitude arrived to
hear the preaching and witness the baptizing, the agents of Herod placed
John under arrest. As weeks passed and he was not released, his disciples
scattered over all Palestine, many of them going into Galilee to join
the followers of Jesus. |
lest = for fear (두려워),
place someone under arrest, 체포하다 |
11. JOHN IN PRISON – P.1506
P.1506 – §6 John had a lonely and somewhat bitter
experience in prison. Few of his followers were permitted to see him.
He longed to see Jesus but had to be content
P.1507 – §0 with hearing of his work through those
of his followers who had become believers in the Son of Man. He was often
tempted to doubt Jesus and his divine mission. If Jesus were the Messiah,
why did he do nothing to deliver him from this unbearable imprisonment?
For more than a year and a half this rugged man of God’s outdoors languished
in that despicable prison. And this experience was a great test of his
faith in, and loyalty to, Jesus. Indeed, this whole experience was a great
test of John’s faith even in God. Many times was he tempted to doubt even
the genuineness of his own mission and experience.
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despicable < de (down) + specere (look) < despicari (look down on, 경멸하다)
|
P.1507 – §1 After he had been in prison several months,
a group of his disciples came to him and, after reporting concerning the
public activities of Jesus, said: "So you see, Teacher, that he who
was with you at the upper Jordan prospers and receives all who come to
him. He even feasts with publicans and sinners. You bore courageous witness
to him, and yet he does nothing to effect your deliverance." But
John answered his friends: "This man can do nothing unless it has
been given him by his Father in heaven. You well remember that I said,
`I am not the Messiah, but I am one sent on before to prepare the way
for him.’ And that I did. He who has the bride is the bridegroom, but
the friend of the bridegroom who stands near-by and hears him rejoices
greatly because of the bridegroom’s voice.
This, my joy, therefore is
fulfilled. He must increase but I must decrease. I am of this earth and
have declared my message. Jesus of Nazareth comes down to the earth from
heaven and is above us all. The Son of Man has descended from God, and
the words of God he will declare to you. For the Father in heaven gives
not the spirit by measure to his own Son. The Father loves his Son and
will presently put all things in the hands of this Son. He who believes
in the Son has eternal life. And these words which I speak are true and
abiding." |
abiding, 오래 지속하는 |
P.1507 – §2 These disciples were amazed at John’s
pronouncement, so much so that they departed in silence. John was also
much agitated, for he perceived that he had uttered a prophecy. Never
again did he wholly doubt the mission and divinity of Jesus. But it was
a sore disappointment to John that Jesus sent him no word, that he came
not to see him, and that he exercised none of his great power to deliver
him from prison. But Jesus knew all about this. He had great love for
John, but being now cognizant of his divine nature and knowing fully the
great things in preparation for John when he departed from this world
and also knowing that John’s work on earth was finished, he constrained
himself not to interfere in the natural outworking of the great preacher-prophet’s
career.
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so much so that (너무나 ~해서)
silence < silentium,
in silence, 침묵 속에
constrain < con + stringere, 묶다, 강제하다
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P.1507 – §3 This long suspense in prison was humanly
unbearable. Just a few days before his death John again sent trusted messengers
to Jesus, inquiring: "Is my work done? Why do I languish in prison?
Are you truly the Messiah, or shall we look for another?" And when
these two disciples gave this message to Jesus, the Son of Man replied:
"Go back to John and tell him that I have not forgotten but to suffer
me also this, for it becomes us to fulfill all righteousness. Tell John
what you have seen and heard–that the poor have good tidings preached
to them–and, finally, tell the beloved herald of my earth mission that
he shall be abundantly blessed in the age to come if he finds no occasion
to doubt and stumble over me." And this was the last word John received
from Jesus. This message greatly comforted him and did much to stabilize
his faith and prepare him for the tragic end of his life in the flesh
which followed so soon upon the heels of this memorable occasion. |
stumble over ~에 걸려 넘어지다 |
12. DEATH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST – P.1508
P.1508 – §1 As John was working in southern Perea
when arrested, he was taken immediately to the prison of the fortress
of Machaerus, where he was incarcerated until his execution. Herod ruled
over Perea as well as Galilee, and he maintained residence at this time
at both Julias and Machaerus in Perea. In Galilee the official residence
had been moved from Sepphoris to the new capital at Tiberias.
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incarcerate < carcer (prison), 감옥에 가두다 |
P.1508 – §2 Herod feared to release John lest he
instigate rebellion. He feared to put him to death lest the multitude
riot in the capital, for thousands of Pereans believed that John was a
holy man, a prophet. Therefore Herod kept the Nazarite preacher in prison,
not knowing what else to do with him. Several times John had been before
Herod, but never would he agree either to leave the domains of Herod or
to refrain from all public activities if he were released. And this new
agitation concerning Jesus of Nazareth, which was steadily increasing,
admonished Herod that it was no time to turn John loose. Besides, John
was also a victim of the intense and bitter hatred of Herodias, Herod’s
unlawful wife.
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lest (for fear)
It is no time, ~할 때가 아니다.
turn somebody loose, 풀어주다 |
P.1508 – §3 On numerous occasions Herod talked with
John about the kingdom of heaven, and while sometimes seriously impressed
with his message, he was afraid to release him from prison.
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P.1508 – §4 Since much building was still going on
at Tiberias, Herod spent considerable time at his Perean residences, and
he was partial to the fortress of Machaerus. It was a matter of several
years before all the public buildings and the official residence at Tiberias
were fully completed.
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building (티베리아스의) 공사
be partial to ~을 대단히 좋아하다 |
P.1508 – §5 In celebration of his birthday Herod
made a great feast in the Machaerian palace for his chief officers and
other men high in the councils of the government of Galilee and Perea.
Since Herodias had failed to bring about John’s death by direct appeal
to Herod, she now set herself to the task of having John put to death
by cunning planning. |
put someone to death, ~를 사형에 처하다
damsel, 미혼 여자 아이 |
P.1508 – §6 In the course of the evening’s festivities
and entertainment, Herodias presented her daughter to dance before the
banqueters. Herod was very much pleased with the damsel’s performance
and, calling her before him, said: "You are charming. I am much pleased
with you. Ask me on this my birthday for whatever you desire, and I will
give it to you, even to the half of my kingdom." And Herod did all
this while well under the influence of his many wines. The young lady
drew aside and inquired of her mother what she should ask of Herod. Herodias
said, "Go to Herod and ask for the head of John the Baptist."
And the young woman, returning to the banquet table, said to Herod, "I
request that you forthwith give me the head of John the Baptist on a platter." |
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P.1508 – §7 Herod was filled with fear and sorrow,
but because of his oath and because of all those who sat at meat with him,
he would not deny the request. And Herod Antipas sent a soldier, commanding
him to bring the head of John. So was John that night beheaded in the prison,
the soldier bringing the head of the prophet on a platter and presenting
it to the young woman at the rear of the banquet hall. And the damsel gave
the platter to her mother. When John’s disciples heard of this, they came
to the prison for the body of John, and after laying it in a tomb, they
went and told Jesus. |
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