{"id":2726,"date":"2026-07-05T03:08:09","date_gmt":"2026-07-05T03:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/?p=2726"},"modified":"2026-08-02T04:29:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T04:29:23","slug":"d132-%ec%98%88%ec%88%98%ec%9d%98-%ec%98%88%ec%96%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/?p=2726","title":{"rendered":"D132 \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc608\uc5b8"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\uae30\ucd08\ubc18 \uc218\uc5c5 \uc81c\ubaa9<\/td>\n\n

3. \ub3cc \uc704\uc5d0 \ub3cc \ud558\ub098\ub3c4 \ub0a8\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ub418\ub9ac\ub77c (D132) <\/p>\n

(\uc131\ud604\uc758 \uc874\uce6d\uc744 \uc0dd\ub7b5\ud558\ub2c8 \uc591\ud574\ud558\uc2dc\uae30 \ubc14\ub78d\ub2c8\ub2e4)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

1. \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\uc640 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \uc804\ud30c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\ucc9c\uc0ac +\uc911\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc900\ube44<\/td>\n\n

\uac1c\uc778\uc801 \uc758\uacac\ub3c4 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \uc633\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc11c\uae30 22\ub144 3\uc6d4<\/p>\n

\uc5d0 \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uac00\ubc84\ub098\uc6c0\uc744 \ub5a0\ub0ac\uace0, \uadf8 \uae38\ub85c \uc138\ubca0\ub300\uc758 \ubd80\uc778 \uc0b4\ub85c\uba54\uc758 \uc18c\uac1c\uc7a5\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc758 \uc740\ud1f4\ud55c \ub300\uc0ac\uc81c \uc548\ub098\uc2a4\ub97c \ub9cc\ub098\ubcf4\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uac89\ubcf4\uae30\uc5d0 \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788<\/span> (by apparent chance, paper 129) \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc778\ub3c4\uc778 \uc0c1\uc778 \uace0\ub178\ub4dc\uc640 \uadf8 \uc544\ub4e4 \uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\ub97c \ub9cc\ub0ac\uace0, \uc774\ub4e4\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \uc5ec\ud589\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ucc2c\uc131\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(\ubd80\ud65c\ud558\uc2e0 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc0ac\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc2e0\uc2e0\ub2f9\ubd80\ud55c \ub9d0\uc500: \ubcf5\uc74c\uc744 \ub545\ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc804\ud558\ub77c\uace0 \ub204\ucc28 \ub9d0\uc500\ud588\ub2e4. \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc744 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ub545\ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc804\ud558\ub824\uba74, \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4, \uc11c\uae30 1\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \ubcf4\ub294 \uc548\ubaa9\uc774 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c, <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> (a) \ucd0c\uad6c\uc11d\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc744 \uc804\ud30c\ud558\uae30\uc5d0 \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc720\ub9ac\ud55c \uacf3<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc608\uc218\uac00 \ud0dc\uc5b4\ub098\uace0 \uad50\uc721\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \ub098\uc0ac\ub81b\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\ubcf8 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uad50\uc721\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc774\ubc29\uc778\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uade0\ud615\ub41c \uac10\uac01\uc744 \uc5bb\uc5c8\uace0 \uc774 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub4dc\ub9ac\uc544 \uccb4\uc7ac\uac00 \ub2e8\ucd95\ub418\uc5c8\ub358 \ub4ef\ud558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> (b) \uc608\uc218\uc5d0\uac8c \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc138\uacc4<\/span>\ub97c \uc9c1\uc811 \uad6c\uacbd\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 (\uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\uc774\ub098 \uac00\ube0c\ub9ac\uc5d8\uc774) \ud310\ub2e8\ud588\ub358 \ub4ef. <\/p>\n

\ud1b5\uacc4 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ub208\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uace0 \ud53c\ubd80\ub85c \uacaa\ub294 \uccb4\ud5d8\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc911\ub3c4\uc790\uc640 \ucc9c\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \uac89\ubcf4\uae30\uc5d0 \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud55c \uc774 \ub9cc\ub0a8, \uc608\uc218\uc640 \uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\uc758 \ub9cc\ub0a8\uc744 \uc8fc\uc120\ud588\uc74c\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> (c) \uc608\uc218\ub294 \ubbf8\uac00\uc5d8 \uacc4\uae09\uc758 \uc544\ub4e4\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud574\uc11c, \uac00\uc871\uc744 \ubd80\uc591\ud558\ub294 \ucc45\uc784\uc744 \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544\ub3c4 \ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \uba74\uc81c\ud574 \uc904 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\uc778 \uc0c1\uc778\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \uc5ec\ud589\ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uac00\uc871\uc744 \ubd80\uc591\ud558\ub294 \ucc45\uc784\uc744 \ub2e4\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \ub3c8\uc744 \ubc8c \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c "\uc2e0\uc758 \ud55c \uc218<\/span>"\ub294 \ucc9c\uc0ac\uc640 \uc911\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc7a5\uba74 \ub4a4\uc5d0\uc11c \ud65c\ub3d9\ud588\uc74c\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n1. \ub85c\ub9c8\uc758 \uc61b \ubaa8\uc2b5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\uae00\uc4f4\uc774: \uc911\ub3c4\uc790 \uc704\uc6d0\ud68c<\/p>\n

1935\ub144 <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\ub85c\ub9c8\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(i) \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ucc29\ud55c \ub4a4 \uc0ac\ud758\uc9f8, \ub450 \uc778\ub3c4\uc778\uacfc \uc608\uc218\ub294 \ud669\uc81c \uc55e\uc5d0 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. (Augustus died in AD 14.)<\/p>\n

\uc2dc\ubb34\ub8e9\ud558\ub358 \ud669\uc81c\ub294 \uc774\ub0a0 \ud2b9\ud788 \uba85\ub791\ud588\uace0, \uc138 \uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 \uc7a1\ub2f4\uc744 \ub098\ub204\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud2f0\ubca0\ub9ac\uc6b0\uc2a4 \ud669\uc81c\ub294 (\uc11c\uae30 14-37\ub144) \uc608\uc218\ub97c \uc5b8\uae09\ud558\uba70 \ubcf4\uc88c\uad00\uc5d0\uac8c \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4:“\uc800 \uce5c\uad6c\uc758 \uc784\uae08\ub2e4\uc6b4 \ud0dc\ub3c4\uc640 \ud488\uc704 \uc788\ub294 \uc608\uc808\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\ub2e4\uba74, \ub0b4\uac00 \uc9c4\uc9dc \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \ub420 \ud130\uc778\ub370, \uc751?” (\ud2f0\ubca0\ub9ac\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub294 Augustus\uc758 \uc544\ub0b4 Livia \uac00 \uc804\ub0a8\ud3b8 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \ub0b3\uc740 \uc544\ub4e4)<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t(ii) \uace0\ub178\ub4dc\uc758 \uace0\uc6a9\uc790 \uc911 \ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ud754\ud788 \ud1b5\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \ub530\ub77c\uac00\uace4 \ud574\uc11c, \uc608\uc218\ub294 \ud558\ub8e8 \uc885\uc77c \ud63c\uc790 \uc9c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uc77c\uc774 \ub9ce\uc558\ub2e4.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t(iii) \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc758 \uc778\uad6c\ub294 2\ubc31\ub9cc\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc911\uc138\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c30,000\uc73c\ub85c \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5c8\uace0, \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c\uba74\uc11c \uc778\uad6c\uac00 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub298\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t(iv) \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc790\uc8fc \uce74\ud53c\ud1a8\ub9ac\uc6c0<\/span>(Capitolium)\uc73c\ub85c \uc62c\ub77c\uac14\ub2e4. \uae30\ub2e4\ub780 \ud3c9\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc804\uac1c\ub41c \ud3ec\ub7fc\uc744 \ub0b4\ub824\ub2e4 \ubcf4\ub294 \uc5b8\ub355\uc5d0 \uce74\ud53c\ud1a8\ub9ac\uc6c0\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud3ec\ub7fc \ub3d9\ucabd\uc5d0 Colosseum\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\"\"<\/a>
\n\t\t\t \ud3ec\ub7fc \uad11\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc67c\ucabd\uc73c\ub85c \uce74\ud53c\ud1a8\ub9ac\uc6c0\uc73c\ub85c \uc62c\ub77c\uac00\ub294 \uae38\uc774 \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \ud3ec\ub7fc\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc740 (Foro Romano) \uace0\ub300 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc9c0\uc600\ub2e4. \uac74\ubb3c\uc774 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ubaa8\uc5ec\uc11c \uc0c8 \ub274\uc2a4\ub97c \ub4e3\uace0 \ud1a0\ub860\ub3c4 \ud558\ub294 \uad11\uc7a5\uc774\ub2e4. Capitolium \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc740 \ud22d \ud280\uc5b4\ub098\uc628 \uba38\ub9ac(capita) \ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \uc774\ub984\uc744 \uc9c0\uc5c8\uace0, \uc9c0\uae08\uc740 \ubc15\ubb3c\uad00\uc774 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, \uc774 \uc138 \uc2e0\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc131\uc804\uc774 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n2. \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \ubc18\ub780<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n\n

<\/span>(i) \uc11c\uae30 66 \ub144\uc5d0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\uc774 \uc5b4\ub290 \ud68c\ub2f9 \uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc744 \uc870\ub871\ud558\ub290\ub77c\uace0, \uc624\uc90c\uc774 \ub4e0 \ud56d\uc544\ub9ac \uc704\uc5d0 \uc0c8\ub4e4\uc744 \ud76c\uc0dd \uc81c\ubb3c\ub85c \ubc14\uce5c \uc0ac\uac74 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc774 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. (\ud76c\uc0dd\ubb3c\uc740 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc758 \uc131\uc804\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \ubc14\uce60 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.) <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uc774\ub7f0 \ud589\uc704\ub294 \ud68c\ub2f9\uc744 \ub354\ub7fd\ud788\uace0, \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc744 \ubaa8\uc695\ud560 \uc758\ub3c4\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc720\ub300\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc784\uba85\ud55c \uc720\ub300 \uc9c0\ubc29 \ucd1d\ub3c5 (Procurator of Judea) Gessius Florus\uc5d0\uac8c \ud0c4\uc6d0\ud588\ub294\ub370, \uadf8\ub294 8 \ud0c8\ub80c\ud2b8\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544\uba39\uace0 \uccad\ubb38\ud68c\ub97c \uc5f4\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098, \uc131\uc804 \uae08\uace0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc740 17 \ud0c8\ub80c\ud2b8\ub97c \uac15\ud0c8\ud558\uace0 \ub73b\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \ud0c4\uc6d0\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \uac10\uc625\uc5d0 \uac00\ub450\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(ii) \uc720\ub300\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dc\ub9ac\uc544\uc758 \uc9d1\uc815\uad00 Cestius Gallus \uc5d0\uac8c \ubd88\ud3c9\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uac24\ub8e8\uc2a4\ub294 \uc774\ub97c \ubb35\uc0b4\ud588\ub2e4. \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc790 \uc774\ub97c \uc9c4\uc555\ud558\ub824\uace0 66\ub144 \uac00\uc744\uc5d0 \uc2dc\ub9ac\uc544 \uad70\ub2e8\uc744 (Legio XII Fulminata: thunderbolt legion) \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0 \ud22c\uc785\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

Gallus\uc758 \uad70\ub300\ub294 (30,000 – 35,000\uba85) \uc815\ub3c4\uc600\ub294\ub370, \uadf8 \uad6c\uc131\uc744 \ubcf4\uba74<\/p>\n

\uc8fc\ub825 \ubd80\ub300, Legio Fulminata (6000\uba85) plus<\/p>\n

\ucc28\ucd9c\ub41c \ud30c\uacac\ub300 (2000\uba85\uc529, from<\/p>\n

III Gallica, <\/p>\n

VI Ferrata, <\/p>\n

X Fretensis<\/p>\n

\n\t + auxiliary (foreigners, non-citizens, \uc678\uc778 \ubd80\ub300) <\/p>\n

(\uc815\uaddc \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778 \uad70\uc778\uc758 \uc5f0\ubd09\uc740 225 denarii \uc600\ub294\ub370 \uc678\uc778 \ubd80\ub300\ub294 \uc5f0\ubd09\uc774 \uc801\uc5c8\ub2e4: salary = 5\/6 = 118 denarii.)<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> Auxiliaries were deployed far from their homelands to prevent rebellion.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uc774 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\ub294 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc744 9\uc77c \ub3d9\uc548\uc774\ub098 \ud3ec\uc704\ud588\uc5b4\ub3c4, Temple Mount (\uc131\uc804\uc774 \uc790\ub9ac\uc7a1\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uc5b8\ub355)\uc744 \uc815\ubcf5\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc131\uc744 \uacf5\uaca9\ud558\ub294 \ub370\ub294 4\uac00\uc9c0 \ub3c4\uad6c\uac00 \ud544\uc694\ud55c\ub370, \uc774\ub97c \ub4a4\ucabd\uc5d0 \ubc30\uce58\ud588\ub2e4\uac00 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uac8c\ub9b4\ub77c\uc5d0\uac8c \ud138\ub9ac\uace0 \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

siege tower (\uacf5\uc131\ud0d1)<\/p>\n

trebuchet (\ud22c\uc11d\uae30)<\/p>\n

battering ram (\uacf5\uc131\ud1f4)<\/p>\n

ballista (\ub300\ud615 \uc11d\uad81)<\/p>\n

Gallus \ub294 \ubcf4\uae09\ub85c\uac00 \ucc28\ub2e8\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ub450\ub824\uc6cc \uc131\uc804\uc5d0\uc11c \ud6c4\ud1f4\ud568\uc73c\ub85c \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\uc758 \uc0ac\uae30\uac00 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0, \uadf8 \uad70\ub2e8 \uc804\uccb4\uac00 \ub9e4\ubcf5 \ub2f9\ud558\uc5ec 6,000\uba85\uc774\ub098 \ub418\ub294 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ubab0\uc0b4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(Battle of Beth Horon, \ubcb3 \ud638\ub860 \uc804\ud22c, \uc11c\uae30 66\ub144) <\/p>\n

Gallus \ub294 \ubaa9\uc228\uc744 \uac74\uc838 Antioch \ub85c \ub3c4\ub9dd\uac14\ub2e4\uac00, \uba85\uc608\uac00 \ud6fc\uc190\ub418\uace0 \ucc3d\ud53c\ud574\uc11c 1\ub144 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc8fd\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(iii) \ubc18\uad70\uc758 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0 \ubcf8\ubd80\ub97c \uc138\uc6e0\uace0, \ub124\ub85c \ud669\uc81c\ub294 Vespasian \uc7a5\uad70\uc5d0\uac8c \ubc18\ub780\uad70\uc758 \uc9c4\uc555\uc744 \uba85\ub839\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 60,000\uba85\uc758 \uad70\ub300\ub97c \uc774\ub04c\uace0 \uac08\ub9b4\ub9ac\ub97c \uce68\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

Jotapata\uc5d0\uc11c 67\ub144 6\uc6d4 \uac08\ub9b4\ub9ac \uc0ac\ub839\uad00 Josephus\uac00 \uc131\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0a4\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098 \uadf8\ub294 47\uc77c\ub9cc\uc5d0 \ud568\ub77d\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(iv) Flavius Josephus \ub294 \ubd99\uc7a1\ud600\uc11c Vespasian \uc7a5\uad70 \uc55e\uc5d0 \ub04c\ub824 \uc654\ub294\ub370, \uc7ac\ube68\ub9ac \uadf8 \uc7a5\uad70\uc774 \uace7 \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \ub418\ub294 \ud658\uc0c1\uc744 \uadf8\uac00 \ubcf4\uc558\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa9\uc228\uc744 \uac74\uc84c\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac00 \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc608\uc5b8\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc744 \uc8fd\uc77c \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud6c4\uc77c\uc5d0 Josephus\ub294 The Jewish War "\uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 (\ub3c5\ub9bd) \uc804\uc7c1, 7\uad8c<\/span>"\uc774\ub77c\ub294 (1300 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0, \uc131\uacbd \uc815\ub3c4 \ubd84\ub7c9) \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc11c\ub97c \uc37c\ub2e4. \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc774 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ud3ec\uc704\ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \ub54c \uc131 \uc55e\uc5d0 \uac00\uc11c \uadf8\ub294 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \ud56d\ubcf5\uc744 \uad8c\uc720\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

John of Gischala (\uac08\ub9b4\ub9ac\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa8\ubc18 \uad70\ub300\uc758 \uc9c0\ud718\uad00), \ud56d\ubcf5\ud558\uace0 \ubb34\uae30 \uc9d5\uc5ed \uc120\uace0\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

Simon bar Giora, (\ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\ub97c \ubcb3 \ud638\ub860 \uc804\ud22c\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb34\ucc0c\ub978 \uc9c0\ud718\uad00) \uc0ac\ud615 \uc120\uace0.<\/p>\n

\uc774 \ub450 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc774 \uc9c4\uc555\ub41c \ud6c4\uc5d0, \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294, \ud0c0\uc774\ud22c\uc2a4 \uc7a5\uad70\uc758 \uac1c\uc120 \ud589\uc9c4\uc5d0 \ub04c\ub824\uac14\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(v) \ub124\ub85c \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \uc790\uc0b4\ud558\ub294 \ubc14\ub78c\uc5d0, \uad70\ub300\uc758 \ucd94\ub300\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544 Vespasian\uc740 \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4 (\uc11c\uae30 68\ub144, 4 \ud669\uc81c\uc758 \ud574). Vespasian\uc740 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc744 \uc9c4\uc555\ud558\ub77c\uace0 \uc544\ub4e4 Titus \uc7a5\uad70\uc744 \ubcf4\ub0c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 4\uac1c \uad70\ub2e8 (\uc57d 6\ub9cc – 7\ub9cc \uba85)\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

Legio V Macedonia<\/p>\n

Legio X Fretensis<\/p>\n

Legio XII Fulminata<\/p>\n

Legion XV Apollinaris<\/p>\n

+16,000 noncombatants. (\ube44\uc804\ud22c\uc6d0)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> Josephus\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 Titus \uc7a5\uad70\uc740 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc744 \ud3ec\uc704\ud558\uc600\uace0, \uc774 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 110\ub9cc\uc758 (\ube44\uc804\ud22c) \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc774 \uc8fd\uc5c8\uace0 97,000\uba85\uc774 \uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\uc558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uacfc\uc7a5\ub41c \uc22b\uc790\ub77c\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \uad76\uc5b4 \uc8fd\uac70\ub098 \uc9c8\ubcd1\uc73c\ub85c \uc8fd\uc740 \uc22b\uc790\ub294 \uc218\ub9cc \uba85\uc5d0 \ub2ec\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc131\uc548\uc5d0\ub294 \uc9c0\ud558\uc5d0 6\ub144\uc774\ub098 \ubc84\ud2f8 \ub9cc\ud07c \uace1\uc2dd\uc774 \uc313\uc5ec \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098 \uad8c\ub825 \uc2f8\uc6c0 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 900\ud1a4\uc758 \uace1\uc2dd\uc744 \ubd88\ud0dc\uc6e0\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc758 \ud3ec\uc704\ub294 \uc720\uc6d4\uc808 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uace0, \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\uc740 \uc21c\ub840\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc131 \uc548\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud5c8\ub77d\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub5a0\ub098\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub9c9\uc558\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc2dd\ub7c9 \uc0ac\uc815\uc740 \ub354\uc6b1 \ub098\ube60\uc84c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(vi) Titus \uc7a5\uad70\uc740 \uc131\uc804\uc744 \ud30c\uad34\ud560 \uc0dd\uac01\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc57d\ud0c8\ub418\uae30 \uc804\ub0a0\uc5d0 \ud68c\uc758\ub97c \uc5f4\uace0 \uc131\uc804\uc744 \uad6c\uc81c\ud558\ub824\uace0 \uacb0\uc815\uc744 \ub0b4\ub838\uc73c\ub098, \uace0\uc0dd\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub97c \uac08\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \ub85c\ub9c8 \ubcd1\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc740 \uba85\ub839\uc744 \ub4e3\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0 \ud5e4\ub86f\uc774 \uc9c0\uc5c8\ub358 \uc81c2 \uc131\uc804\uc5d0 \ud683\ubd88\uc744 \ub358\uc838 \ubd88\ud0dc\uc6b0\uace0 \ub3cc\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2e4 \ubc00\uc5b4 \ubc84\ub838\ub2e4 <\/p>\n

(\ub3cc \uc704\uc5d0 \ub3cc \ud558\ub098 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ub418\ub9ac\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc608\uc5b8\uc774\uc694, \uc800\uc8fc\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc774 \ud3ec\uc704\ub420 \ub54c, \uac70\uae30\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uace0 \ud769\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub77c, \uc0dd\uba85\uc744 \ubd80\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \uc138\uc0c1 \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \uc804\ud558\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ud0c1\ud55c \uac83\uc774\uc694, \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc744 \uc800\uc8fc\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc758 \ud30c\uba78\uc744 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc758 \uc2ec\ud310\uc774\ub77c, \uc138\uc0c1\uc758 \uc885\ub9d0\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\ub2e4.) \uc774 \ub3cc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc544\uc9c1\ub3c4 \uc131\uc804 \uc61b\ud130 \uc8fc\uc704\uc5d0 \ub110\ub824 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(vii) ♦<\/span> Titus\ub294 7\ub9cc \uba85\uc758 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc744 \ud3ec\ub85c\ub85c \uc0bc\uc544 \ub85c\ub9c8\ub85c \ub370\ub9ac\uace0 \uac00\uc11c Colosseum\uc744 \uc9d3\ub294 \ub370 \uc774\uc6a9\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(viii) Titus\uc758 \uad70\ub300\uac00 \ud0c8\ucde8\ud55c \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uc131\uc804<\/span>\uc758 \uae08\uacfc \uc740\uc758 \uc591\uc774 \uc815\ud655\ud788 \uc5bc\ub9c8\uc778\uc9c0\ub294 \uae30\ub85d\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc73c\ub098, \uc2dc\ub9ac\uc544\uc758 \uae08 \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uae08\uac12\uc774 \ubc24 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc808\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \ud3ed\ub77d\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

Josephus\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \ud5e4\ub86f\uc774 \uc9c0\uc740 \uc131\uc804\uc758 \ud45c\uba74\uc740 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \ud669\uae08 \ud310\uc73c\ub85c \ub36e\uc5ec \uc788\uc5b4 \ud574\uac00 \ub730 \ub54c \ub208\uc774 \ubd80\uc2dc\uac8c \ube5b\ub0ac\uace0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub208\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\ub824\uace0 \uc131\uc804\uc744 \uc9c1\uc811 \ubcf4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uba38\ub9ac\ub97c \ub3cc\ub838\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc131\uc804\uc758 \ubc14\uae65 \ubcbd, \ub0b4\ubd80 \ubcbd, \ubc14\ub2e5, \ubb38\ub4e4\uc740 \uc587\uc740 \uae08\ubc15\uc774 (gold foil)\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub450\uaebc\uc6b4 \uae08\ud310 (massive gold plates)\uc73c\ub85c \uc7a5\uc2dd\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

General Titus specifically ordered his troops to preserve the Temple, but a Roman soldier threw a firebrand through a window into the inner chambers. <\/p>\n

\uc131\uc804 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc640 \uc81c\uc0ac\uc6a9 \uadf8\ub987\uc744 \uc7a5\uc2dd\ud588\ub358 \uae08\ubd99\uc774: Gold menorah (\uae08\ucd1b\ub300), Table of Shewbread (\ud558\ub098\ub2d8 \uc5bc\uad74 \uc55e\uc5d0 \ub4dc\ub9ac\ub294 \ub5a1\uc744 \ub2f4\uc740 \uc0c1), \uc9c0\uc131\uc18c\ub97c \uac00\ub9ac\ub294 \ubcbd\uacfc \ubb38 \ud45c\uba74\uc744 \uae08\ud310\uc73c\ub85c \uc7a5\uc2dd\ud588\ub358 \ub4ef.<\/p>\n

\uc804\ud22c\uac00 \ub05d\ub09c \ub4a4\uc5d0, <\/p>\n

(a) Initial Looting (Direptio) \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc190\uc27d\uac8c \uc57d\ud0c8\ud55c \uac83\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\ub77c\uace0 \ubc84\ub824\ub450\uc5c8\uace0, <\/p>\n

(b) Imperial Share: \ub369\uce58\uac00 \ud070 \uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c0\ud718\uad00\uacfc \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \ubaab (\uac74\ucd95\ube44 \ub4f1), <\/p>\n

(c) \ub098\uba38\uc9c0\ub294 \uad70\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ub098\ub204\uc5b4 \uac00\uc84c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4 + \uc57d\ud0c8 \uad8c\ud55c.<\/p>\n

\uc774\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \ud070 \uac83\uc740 \uc720\ub300\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ud3ec\ub85c\ub85c \uc7a1\ud600\uac00 \ucf5c\ub85c\uc138\uc6c0\uc744 \uac74\ucd95\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. (\ucd5c\uc18c 60,000\uba85)<\/p>\n

Roman Forum \uc785\uad6c\uc5d0 Titus \uc758 \uac1c\uc120\ubb38\uc774 \ub3cc\ub85c \uc0c8\uaca8\uc838 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc57d\ud0c8\ud55c \uae08\ucd1b\ub300\ub97c \uc0c8\uaca8 \ub193\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc774\ub54c \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\uac00 \uc57d\ud0c8\ud55c \uae08\uad34\uc640 \uc740\uc758 \uc591\uc774 50\ud1a4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. ($200 million)<\/p>\n

Titus \uc7a5\uad70\uc740 \uc774 \uae08\uad34\ub97c \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 Coloseum <\/span><\/span>\uac74\ucd95\ube44\uc5d0 \uc37c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. Titus died in 81 AD. <\/p>\n

\uae38 \uac74\ub108\uc5d0\ub294 Trajan’s market \uac00 \uc788\uace0, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc138\uacc4 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 shopping mall\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. (Nerva succeeded Domitian.)<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/font><\/p>\n

Trajan’s Market with over 150 shops.<\/p>\n

\ud314\ub77c\ud2f4 \uc5b8\ub355\uc740 \ud3ec\ub7fc \ub0a8\ucabd\uc5d0 \uc788\uace0, \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \ud669\uc81c\uc758 \uc800\ud0dd, \uc544\ud3f4\ub85c \uc2e0\uc804, \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \ub3c4\uc11c\uad00, \ub77c\ud2f4 \ub3c4\uc11c\uad00\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(ix) \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \uc5ec\ud589\ud55c \uc774\uc720<\/span>: \uc774\ub54c \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc81c\uad6d\uc740 \uc720\ub7fd \ub0a8\ubd80\u318d\uc18c \uc544\uc2dc\uc544\u318d\uc2dc\ub9ac\uc544\u318d\uc5d0\uc9d1\ud2b8\u318d\ubd81\uc11c \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \ubb38\uba85\uc774\uc5c8\uace0, \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9c0\ubc29\uc5d0\uc11c \uc628 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubb38\ud654\uc640 \uc778\uac04 \ubb34\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc744 \ub9cc\ub098\ubcf4\uace0 \uc2f6\uc740 \uc18c\ub9dd\uc774 \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc774 \uc5ec\ud589\uc5d0 \ucc2c\uc131\ud55c \uc8fc\uc694 \uc774\uc720\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc774 \uc5ec\ud589\uc740 \uc218\uc5ec \uc0dd\uc560 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc744 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc628 \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0 \ud37c\ub728\ub9ac\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uac83\uc778\uac00\ub97c \uc608\uc0c1\ud558\uace0 \uc774 \ubaa9\uc801\uc5d0 \ub9de\uac8c \uc5ec\uc0dd\uc744 \uacc4\ud68d\ud558\ub294 \ud3ec\uc11d\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

3. \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub294 \uc65c \uc131\uacf5\ud588\ub294\uac00 <\/p>\n

– \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\uacfc \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc<\/td>\n\n

\uce74\ud1a0\ub9ad \uad50\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc798\ubabb\uc774 \uc5c6\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ucc98\uc74c 3\uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0 \uc11c\uc591 \uad50\ud68c\ub294 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc138\uacc4 \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc8fc\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc744 \uc804\ud55c \uacf5\ub85c\ub97c \uc778\uc815\ubc1b\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc55e\uc73c\ub85c \ucc9c\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \uc138\uacc4\uac00 \uc601\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubc1c\uc804\ub420 \uac83\uc778\uac00 \uc608\uc0c1\ud558\ub824\uba74, \uc9c0\ub09c 2000\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0 \uc65c \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uac00 \uc131\uacf5\ud588\ub294\uac00 \uc0b4\ud3b4 \ubcf4\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(i) \uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub354 \ub300\uc655\uc774 \ud398\ub974\uc2dc\uc544\ub97c \ube44\ub86f\ud558\uc5ec \uc9c0\uc911\ud574\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ub098\ub77c\ub97c \uc815\ubcf5\ud568\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ub2e8\uc77c \ubb38\ud654 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad50\uc721 \ubc1b\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \ub77c\ud2f4\uc5b4\uc640 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(ii) \uc2e0\uc57d\uc744 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\ub85c<\/span> \uae30\ub85d\ud55c \uac83\uc740 "\ucd5c\ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec<\/span>" (\ud64d\uc775 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc815\uc2e0\uc73c\ub85c) \uc608\uc218\uc758 \ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \uc804\ud30c\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

"Greatest good for the greatest number." (John Stewart Mill, English philosopher)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc<\/td>\n\n

\ub85c\ub9c8\ub294 \uc815\ubcf5\ud55c \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \ud3ed\ub3d9\ub4e4\uc744 \ube68\ub9ac \uc9c4\uc555\ud574\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(i) \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0a0 \uac83\uc744 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc608\uc0c1\ud558\uace0 \uae09\ud788 \uc9c4\uc555\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uad70\uc0ac\uc801 \ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c, \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \ub3c4\uc2dc\ub97c \ub85c\ub9c8\uc640 \uc5f0\uacb0<\/span>\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\ub85c\ub4e4\uc744 \uac74\uc124\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. (All roads lead to Rome.)<\/p>\n

Roman highways = 300,000 km.<\/p>\n

Eisenhower’s interstate highways = 45,000 miles<\/p>\n

(ii) \uc774 \uae38\uc744 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c, \ubb34\uc5ed\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \ub4a4\ub97c \ucad3\uc544 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \uc804\ub3c4\uc0ac<\/span>\ub4e4\uc774 \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac00\uc11c \uc608\uc218\uc758 \ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \uc804\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> Edict of Milan (313\ub144), \ubc00\ub77c\ub178 \uce59\ub839)\uc740 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub97c \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. 3\ubc31\ub144 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ubc14\uafbc \uac83\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\uc774 \ud2b9\ubcc4 \ubcf4\ud638\ub97c \ubc1b\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\ub294 \ub4ef\ud558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> Edict of Thesalonika (380\ub144), \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uac00 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc758 \uacf5\uc2dd \uc885\uad50\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

382\ub144\uc5d0 \uad50\ud669 Damasus 1\ub294 St Jerome\uc5d0\uac8c \uc2e0\uc57d\uc744 \ub77c\ud2f4\uc5b4\ub85c \ubc88\uc5ed\ud574 \ub2ec\ub77c\uace0 \uc694\uccad\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uad6d\uc81c \uc5b8\uc5b4\uac00 \ub41c \uc601\uc5b4\ub3c4 60% \uc774\uc0c1\uc758 \ub0b1\ub9d0\uc774 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \ubc0f \ub77c\ud2f4\uc5b4\uc5d0 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub97c \ub454\ub2e4. (170,000 words)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

\uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\uc758 \uc900\ube44 \uc791\uc5c5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\uc758 \uc900\ube44 \uc791\uc5c5<\/td>\n\n

(i) \uc544\ub2f4\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328, \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 35,000\ub144<\/p>\n

\uc774 \uc18c\uc2dd\uc744 \ub4e3\uace0\uc11c \uc5bc\ub9c8 \uc788\ub2e4\uac00, \ubbf8\uac00\uc5d8\uc740 \uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\ub97c \uc218\uc5ec \ud589\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc218\uc5ec<\/span>\uc758 \ub73b: \ud589\uc131\uc758 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ubcf4\uace0 \ubc30\uc6b0\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc758 \uc544\ub4e4\uc774 \uc721\uc2e0\ud654\ud558\uc5ec, \ud0dc\uc5b4\ub0a0 \ub54c\ubd80\ud130 \uc8fd\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \uc77c\uc0dd\uc744 \uc120\ubb3c\ub85c \uc900\ub2e4\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8. \ud6c8\uc7a5\uc774\ub098 \uc0c1\uc7a5\uc740 \uc77c\uc774 \ub05d\ub0ac\uc744 \ub54c \uc218\uc5ec\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc77c\uc0dd\uc758 \uc218\uc5ec\ub294 \uc55e\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ubcf4\uace0 \ubc30\uc6b0\ub77c\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\ub85c \uc8fc\ub294 \uc120\ubb3c\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

12 \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371 \uad00\ub9ac\uc790<\/span>\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\uc81c\ub098 \uc800\uc81c\ub098 \ubbf8\uac00\uc5d8\uc774 \uc624\uc2dc\uae30\ub97c \uae30\ub2e4\ub838\uc73c\ub098, 3\ub9cc\ub144\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098\ub3c4\ub85d \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc774 \ubcf4\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(ii) \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5d0\ub374\uc2dc\uc544 \ucd5c\uace0\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc758 \ube5b\uc744 \ubcf4\uc874\ud558\ub824\uba74 \ubb34\uc5b8\uac00 \uc870\uce58\uac00 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uaca0\ub294\uac00 \ud0c4\uc6d0\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \ud589\uc815 \uc0ac\ubb34\ub294 \uc624\uc9c1 12 \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371 \uad00\ub9ac\uc790\uc758 \uad00\ud560\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub85c \uc774 \ud0c4\uc6d0\uc740 \uae30\uac01\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(iii) \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0 \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\uc5d0\uac8c \uc0c1\uc18c\ud588\uc73c\ub098, \ubbf8\uac00\uc5d8\uc774 \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0, \uad00\ub9ac\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc54c\uc544\uc11c \ud558\ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0\uc500\ub9cc \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(iv) \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 1900\ub144\uacbd <\/p>\n

\ubbf8\uac00\uc5d8\uc758 \uac15\ub9bc\uc744 \uc900\ube44\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec, \uad00\ub9ac\uc790\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9c8\ud0a4\ubca4\ud0c0 \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\uc774 \uc120\ud0dd\ub418\uc5b4 \uc0b4\ub818 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \ud30c\uacac\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371 \uad00\ub9ac\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ud658\uacbd \uc870\uc131<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n\n

\uad00\ub9ac\uc790<\/span>\uc758 \uc758\ubbf8: \uacf5\uc2dd \ud1b5\uce58\uc790\uac00 \uc798\ubabb\uc744 \uc800\uc9c8\ub800\uc744 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \uc784\uba85\ub418\ub294 \uc784\uc2dc \ud1b5\uce58\uc790\ub97c \ub73b\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc544\ub2f4\uacfc \uc774\ube0c\uac00 \uc2e4\uc218\ud558\ub294 \ubc14\ub78c\uc5d0 12 \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\uc774 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uad00\ub9ac\ub97c \ub9e1\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(i) \uac00\ube0c\ub9ac\uc5d8\uacfc \uc758\ub17c\ud55c \ub4a4\uc5d0, \ubbf8\uac00\uc5d8\uc740 \uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\ub97c \uc218\uc5ec \ud589\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. (122\ud3b8)<\/p>\n

(ii) \uc608\uc218\uc758 \ud560 \uc77c\uc740 \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc744 \uac00\ub974\uce58\ub294 \uc120\uc0dd \uc5ed\ud560<\/span>\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. (\uc774\ub9c8\ub204\uc5d8\uc758 \ub2f9\ubd80)<\/p>\n

(iii) \uc608\uc218\uac00 \ud314\ub808\uc2a4\ud0c0\uc778\uc744 \uc120\ud0dd\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc798\ubabb\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\uac00?<\/span><\/p>\n

\uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4, \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \ud558\ub098\ub2d8 \uac1c\ub150\uc774 \uc81c\uc77c \ubc1c\ub2ec\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. (\uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uc544\ucf00\ub098\ud1a4\uc774 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uc528\ub97c \ubfcc\ub838\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\uc608\uc218 \uac15\ub9bc\uc758 3\uac00\uc9c0 \ud544\uc218 \uc870\uac74<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\uc5b8\uc5b4\uc640 \ub3c4\ub85c<\/span><\/td>\n\n

(i)<\/span> \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac15\ub9bc(\ucd08\ub9bc)\uc774 \ud5db\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\ub824\uba74 \uba3c\uc800 \uadf8\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc744 \uc54c\uc544\ub4e3\ub294 <\/span> \uc885\uc871\uc774 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc774 \uc81c\uc77c \uc7a5\uc810\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\ub358 \ub4ef. not a random choice (\uc8fc\uba39\uad6c\uad6c\ub85c \uc815\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub9ce\uc740 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc774 \uc720\uc77c\uc2e0 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud588\ub2e4.)<\/p>\n

(a) \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc774 \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc744 \uac70\ubd80\ud558\ub9ac\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc9d0\uc791\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub798\ub3c4 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubbfc\uc871\ubcf4\ub2e4, \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \uc131\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ucd5c\uc120\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uacb0\uc815\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(b) \ub9c8\ud0a4\ubca4\ud0c0 \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\uc774 \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc758 \ube5b\uc744 \uc0b4\ub824 \ub450\ub824\uace0 \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 1900\ub144 \uacbd\uc5d0 \uc0b4\ub818\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc11c \uc544\ube0c\ub77c\ud568\uc5d0\uac8c \ud22c\uc790\ud55c \uacbd\ub825\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(ii)<\/span> \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc138\uacc4<\/span>\uc640 \uac19\uc774, \ud55c \uac00\uc9c0 \uc5b8\uc5b4<\/span>\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud788 \ub113\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc774\uac83\uc740 \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 334\ub144\uc5d0 \uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub354 \ub300\uc655\uc774 \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uc815\ubcf5\ud568\uc73c\ub85c \ucda9\uc871\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub354\ub294 Persia\ub97c \uc815\ubcf5\ud558\uace0, Ecbatana, Susa, Persepolis \ub4f1\uc5d0\uc11c \ud669\uc2e4\uc758 \uae08\uace0\ub97c \ud138\uace0 \ub300\ub7b5 200,000 talent \uc758 \uae08\uc740\uc744 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub85c \uac00\uc838\uac00\uc11c silver tetradrakma (4 \ub370\ub098\ub9ac\uc628 \uac00\uce58)\uc744 \ucc0d\uc5b4\ub0c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc5d0\uc9d1\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc00\uc744 \uc218\uc785\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub4a4\uc774\uc5b4 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\uc740 \ub370\ub098\ub9ac\uc628 \uc740\uc804\uc744 \ucc0d\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub4dc\ub9ac\uc544\ub294 \ud5ec\ub77c \ubb38\ud654, \uacbd\uc81c, \ud559\ubb38\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc9c0\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(iii)<\/span> \uc804\ub3c4\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5ec\ud589\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc138\uacc4 \uac01 \uacf3\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\ub85c\uac00 \ubc1c\ub2ec\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c<\/span> \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(via Appia, Rome \uacfc Greece \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0<\/p>\n

via Aurelia, Rome \uacfc France \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0<\/p>\n

via Egnatia, Rome \uacfc Constantinople\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0, etc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uc774 \uc870\uac74\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8\uac00 \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ub3c4\uc2dc\ub4e4\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\ub85c\ub97c \uac74\uc124\ud568\uc73c\ub85c \ucda9\uc871\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(a) \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 312\ub144\uc5d0 \uad70\uc218 \ubb3c\uc790\ub97c \uc218\uc1a1\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec,Via Appia (Appian Way)\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774 \ub3c4\ub85c\ub294 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc5ec \ub0a8\ub3d9\ucabd\uc73c\ub85c Tarentum (\uc9c0\uae08\uc740 Tarento)\uae4c\uc9c0 260km\ub098 \ub418\ub294 \ub300\ub85c\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ud6c4\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub85c\ub9c8\uc640 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\ub85c\ub97c \ub354 \uac74\uc124\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(b) Spartacus \ubc18\ub780\uc774 \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 73\ub144\uc5d0 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uace0 \ub0b4\ub780\uc774\ub098 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc774 \ub04a\uc784\uc5c6\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc758 \uad70\ub300\ub97c \uc2e0\uc18d\ud788 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub3c4\ub85d \ub3c4\ub85c\uac00 \ubc1c\ub2ec\uc2dc\ucf1c\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(c) All roads lead to Rome (\ubaa8\ub4e0 \uae38\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8\ub85c \ud1b5\ud55c\ub2e4)\ub294 \ub9d0\uc774 \uc788\ub4ef\uc774 \uc81c\uad6d\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ub300\ub85c\ub294 \ub85c\ub9c8\ub97c \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ubc29\uc0ac\ub41c\ub2e4. \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\uc774 \uac74\uc124\ud55c \uae38\uc758 \ucd1d \uae38\uc774\ub294 400,000km (250,000 mile)\ub098 \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud558\uc5ec, \uc544\uc774\uc820\ud558\uc6cc \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc774 \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c \ubbf8\uad6d \ub3c4\ub85c\uc758 \ucd1d \uae38\uc774\ub294 45,000mile (= 72,000 km)\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(d) 95\ud3b8 5\uc7a5 3\uc808. \uc5d0\uc9d1\ud2b8\uac00 \uc720\uc77c\uc2e0\uc744 \ubbff\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub354\ub77c\uba74, \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc5d0\uc9d1\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c \uba87 \ub144\uc744 \ub354 \uc0b4\uc558\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

→ \uc5d0\uc9d1\ud2b8\uc758 \uc885\uad50\uc801 \uc9c4\ud654\uac00 \ubbf8\ubbf8\ud588\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub09c \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774, \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0 \uc694\uc149\uc740 \uc5d0\uc9d1\ud2b8\ub97c \uc77c\ucc0d \ubc84\ub9ac\uace0 \uc720\ub300 \ub545\uc758 \ub098\uc0ac\ub81b\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ub354 \ubcf4\ub0c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> 134\ud3b8: 0\uc7a5 1\uc808: \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc77c\uc0dd\uc744 \uc124\uacc4\ud55c \uc790 (\uac00\ube0c\ub9ac\uc5d8, \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\ub4e4, \uc911\ub3c4\uc790 \ub4f1)\uc758 \uacc4\ud68d (\uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uac00\uc815\uc5d0 \ud0dc\uc5b4\ub098\uace0 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \uac00\ub974\uce58\ub294 \uc120\uc0dd\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uacc4\ud68d)\uc744 \uc9c0\uc911\ud574 \uc5ec\ud589 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0 \uc608\uc218\uac00 \ub9c8\uce68\ub0b4 \uc2b9\uc778\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uadf8\uc804\uae4c\uc9c0\ub294 \uc774 \uacc4\ud68d\uc744 \uc218\uc815\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \ub9d0\uc500. (\ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \uc774\uc720\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\uba74, \uc5d0\uc9d1\ud2b8\ub098 \ub85c\ub9c8\ub098 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c \uba87 \ub144\uc744 \ub354 \uc9c0\ub0bc \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n4. \uc720\ub300\uc778 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n\n

(i)<\/span> \uc608\uc218\uc758 \ub3d9\uc0dd\uc740 (James the Just) \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0 \uc138\uc6e0\ub358 \uccab \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \uc6b0\ub450\uba38\ub9ac\uc600\ub2e4 ( \uc11c\uae30 62\ub144\uc5d0 \uc21c\uad50). \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uc131\uc804\uc5d0\uc11c, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub9c8\uac00\uc758 2\uce35 \ubc29\uc774\ub098 \uac1c\uc778 \uc9d1\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa8\uc600\ub2e4 (\uc0ac\ub3c4\ud589\uc804 2:46)<\/p>\n

66\ub144\uc5d0 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \ud3ed\ub3d9(\uc989 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc6b4\ub3d9)\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc790 \uad50\ud68c\uac00 68\ub144\uc5d0 \ud3a0\ub77c\ub85c \uc62e\uacbc\ub2e4\uac00 \uc2dc\uc628 \uc0b0\uc73c\ub85c, \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9 \ub9cc\ucc2c\uc744 \ub4e4\ub358 \uacf3, \ub9c8\uac00\uc758 2\uce35 \ubc29\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uc654\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(ii) ♦<\/span> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc11c\uae30 132\ub144\uc5d0 \ub450\ubc88\uc9f8 \ubc18\ub780, \ubc14\ub974 \ucf55\ubc14(Bar Kokhba) \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uace0, Hadrian \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uad70\ub300\uc758 2\/3\ub97c (580,000\uba85) \ubab0\uc0b4\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub54c\ubd80\ud130 \uc720\ub300\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc744 \ub5a0\ub098 \uc720\ub791 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc720\ub300\uad50\ub294 \ubd88\ubc95\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc740 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc624\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uae08\uc9c0\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦ \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\uc758 \uacf5\ub85c<\/span><\/p>\n

\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc758 \ud683\ubd88\uc744 \uc774\uc5b4\ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub354\ub77c\uba74, \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc740 1\uc138\uae30 \uc548\uc5d0 \ud30c\ubb3b\ud600 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uba38\ub9ac \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \uace7 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc84c\uc744\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(i) \ub2e4\ud589\ud788 \uc2e0\uc57d\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4<\/span>\ub85c \uae30\ub85d\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uae38\uc744 \uc798 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub193\uc558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc740 300\ub144 \uc548\uc5d0 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub110\ub9ac \ud37c\uc84c\ub2e4. \ubca0\ub4dc\ub85c\ub294 \ub9c8\uac00\uac00 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\ub97c \uc798 \ud588\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uccab \ubcf5\uc74c\uc11c\ub97c \uae30\ub85d\ud558\ub294 \ucc45\uc784\uc744 \ub9e1\uacbc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(ii) Constantine \ub300\uc81c\ub294 \uc11c\uae30 330\ub144\uc5d0 \uc218\ub3c4\ub97c \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c Constantinople\ub85c \uc62e\uacbc\uace0 \uadf8\uac00 \uc138\uc6b4 Byzantine \uc81c\uad6d\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc81c\uad6d\uc774 \ub9dd\ud55c \ub4a4\uc5d0\ub3c4 (\uc11c\uae30 476\ub144) 1453\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 1\ucc9c \ub144\uc744 \ub354 \ubc84\ud2f0\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc11c\uc591 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc744 \ubaa8\ub974\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc5c6\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ubcf4\ub860\ub2e4\ub371\ub4e4\uc758 \uac04\uc12d (?)<\/span><\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub3c4\ub85c \ub2e6\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec, \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\ub4e4\uc774 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc640 \uce74\ub974\ud0c0\uace0\uac00 \ubc8c\uc778 \ub458\uc9f8 \uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c (punic war, \ud3ec\uc5d0\ub2c8 \uc804\uc7c1) \ub85c\ub9c8\uac00 \uc774\uae30\ub3c4\ub85d \uac04\uc12d\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uba5c\uae30\uc138\ub371\ub4e4\ucc98\ub7fc \uc721\uc2e0\ud654\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uad00\ucc30\ud558\ub294 \ucd5c\uace0\uc790 \ud55c \ubd84\uc774 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc5d0 \uc8fc\uc7ac\ud558\uba70 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \ub098\ub77c\ub97c \ub2e4\uc2a4\ub9b0\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574\uc11c. \uac70\uc8fc\ud558\ub294 \ubcf4\ub860\ub2e4\ub371\uc740 \uacb0\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc21c\uac04\uc5d0, \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00 \ub9cc\uc871\uc2a4\ub7ec\uc6b4 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \ud758\ub7ec\uac00\ub3c4\ub85d \ud658\uacbd\uc744 \uc870\uc131\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ubc14\uafbc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uc774 \uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c \uce74\ub974\ud0c0\uace0\uac00 \uc774\uacbc\ub354\ub77c\uba74, \ud398\ub2c8\ud0a4\uc544\uc778\uc740 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uc73c\ub2c8\uae4c \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\ucc98\ub7fc \uc81c\uad6d\uc744 \uc138\uc6b8 \uc0dd\uac01\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ud07c \ub3c4\ub85c\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4 \ud558\ub354\ub77c\uace0 \ube44\uc794\ud2f4 \uc81c\uad6d\uc758 \uacbd\uacc4\uc120\uae4c\uc9c0, \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778\ub9cc\ud07c \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud55c \ub3c4\ub85c\ub9dd\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \ubb34\uc5c7\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub3c4, \ud398\ub2c8\ud0a4\uc544\uc778\uc740 \uc608\uc218\ub97c \uc2ed\uc790\uac00\uc5d0 \ubabb\ubc15\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \ud130\uc774\uace0, \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc740 \uc720\ub300 \uc9c0\ubc29\uc5d0 \uad6d\ud55c\ub418\uace0 \uc78a\ud788\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\uc2e0\uad50 \uc2e0\ubd09\uc790\uc600\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \uc804\ud30c\uc5d0 \ubcc4\ub85c \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ub0b4\ub959 \uc9c0\ubc29\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub3c4\ub85c\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ubc31\ud5a5\ubaa9\uc73c\ub85c \ubc30\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ud574\uc548 \ub3c4\uc2dc\ub4e4\uc744 \uc138\uc6b0\uace0 \ud574\uc0c1 \ubb34\uc5ed\ub85c\ub97c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc369\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ubc31\ud5a5\ubaa9\uc73c\ub85c \uc194\ub85c\ubaac\uc758 \uc131\uc804\uc744 \uc9d3\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc8fc\uac00 \uc2b9\ucc9c\ud558\uc2e0 \ub4a4, \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 300\ub144 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc11c\uc591 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac<\/span>\ub97c \ubc14\uafb8\uc5b4 \ub193\uc558\ub2e4 (\uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\uc11c)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\uac00\ube0c\ub9ac\uc5d8\uc758 \uc900\ube44 \uc791\uc5c5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n\n

(a) \uac00\ube0c\ub9ac\uc5d8<\/span>\uc774 \uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\ub97c \ubc29\ubb38\ud558\uace0\uc11c, \uc9c0\uc801, \uc720\uc804\uc801 \uc694\uc778(\uc544\ub2f4\uc758 \ud53c\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc810)\ub4e4\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud558\uac74\ub300, \ud788\ube0c\ub9ac \uc885\uc871\uc774 \ucd5c\uc120\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uacb0\uc815\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(b) \uc774 \uacb0\uc815\uc744 \ubbf8\uac00\uc5d8<\/span>\uc774 \ud655\uc778\ud558\uc600\uace0 (\uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 8\ub144), \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \uac00\uc871 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\ub77c\uace0 12\uc790 \uac00\uc871 \uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\uac00 \uc784\uba85\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc774 \uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\uac00 3\uc30d\uc744 \ucd94\ucc9c\ud588\uace0, <\/p>\n

(c) \uac00\ube0c\ub9ac\uc5d8\uc774 \ub9c8\ub9ac\uc544\uc640 \uc694\uc149\uc758 \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc694\uc149<\/span>\uc774 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\ub97c \uac00\ub974\uce60 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uac83\uc774 \uc120\ud0dd \uc694\uc778\uc774\uc5c8\uc744\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4. (\uc138\uacc4 \uc5ec\ud589 \uc900\ube44)<\/p>\n

(d) \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ubd80\uc720\ud55c \uac00\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc790\uc2dd\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5b4\ub97c \uac00\ub974\ucce4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n\n

 <\/p>\n

5. \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uad50\ud68c\ub294 \uc5b4\ucc0c \ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uac00 (\uac74\ubb3c\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

\uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc774 \ud30c\uad34\ub418\uc790 (70 AD) \uc608\uc218\uc758 \ub3d9\uc0dd \uc57c\uace0\ubcf4\uc640 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 (\ub3c5\ub9bd \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0) \ud3a0\ub77c\ub85c \ub3c4\ub9dd\uac00\uc11c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub97c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5c8\ub294\ub370 (\uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c Nazarene \uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uba85\uce6d\uc774 \ubd99\uc5c8\ub2e4), \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ubd88\ucc38\ud55c \uc774\ub825 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc774\ub4e4\uacfc \uc815\ud1b5 \uc720\ub300\uad50\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc790\uc5f0\ud788 \ub2e8\uc808\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc804\uc7c1\uc774 \ub05d\ub098\uc790, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uac70\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \uc774\uc81c \ub354 \uc131\uc804\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

Domine, quo vadis? (\uc8fc\uc5ec, \uc5b4\ub514\ub85c \uac00\uc2dc\ub098\uc774\uae4c?)<\/p>\n

\ucd08\ub300 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0dd\uac01 \ub05d\uc5d0 \uc2dc\uc628 \uc0b0\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac14\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c \uc62c\ub9ac\ube0c \uc0b0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc758 \uba78\ub9dd\uc744 \uc608\uc5b8\ud558\uc600\uace0. \ubc14\ub85c \uc62c\ub9ac\ube0c \uc0b0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2b9\ucc9c\ud558\uc168\ub2e4. (30 AD) \uc0ac\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc740 \uc608\uc218\uac00 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub3cc\uc544\uc624\ub9ac\ub77c \uae30\ub300\ud558\uc600\uace0, \uc62c\ub77c\uac00\uc2e0 \ubaa8\uc2b5 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \uad8c\ub2a5\uacfc \uc601\ud654\ub85c\uc6c0\uc5d0 \uc2f8\uc5ec \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc62c\ub9ac\ube0c \uc0b0\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc624\uc2e4 \uac83\uc774\ub77c \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uae30\ub300\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50 \uc2e0\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00\uc11c \uac70\uae30\uc5d0 \uc791\uc740 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50 \ud68c\ub2f9\uc744 \uc9d3\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5b4\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\uc73c\ub824\uace0 \uc560\uc37c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc62c\ub9ac\ube0c \uc0b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uadf8\ub7f0 \ud68c\ub2f9\uc744 \uc9c0\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\uac00 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \ubc18\ub780\uc774 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0a0\uae4c \uc800\uc5b4\ud558\uc5ec, \uacc4\uc18d \uc720\ub300\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \ubaa8\uc784\uc744 \uac10\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uc548\uc774\ub098 \uadfc\ubc29\uc5d0 \uad70\uc911\uc774 \ubaa8\uc77c \ub9cc\ud55c \ub300\ud615 \uac74\ubb3c \uc9d3\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uae08\uc9c0\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ucd08\ub300 \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \uc2e0\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\uc758 \ub208\uc744 \ub04c\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uacf3,\uc2dc\uc628 \uc0b0\uc5d0, \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9 \ub9cc\ucc2c\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\ub358 \ub9c8\uac00\uc758 2\uce35 \ubc29\uc774 \uc788\ub358 \uacf3\uc5d0 \uc791\uc740 \ud68c\ub2f9\uc744 \uc9d3\uace0 \uc11c\uae30 135\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uc11c\uae30 44\ub144\ubd80\ud130 4\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc720\ub300 \uc9c0\ubc29\uc5d0 \uae30\uadfc\uc774 \ud37c\uc84c\uace0, \uc0ac\ub3c4 \ubc14\uc6b8\uc740 \uc774\ubc29\uc778 \uc2e0\uc790\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 (\ub9c8\ucf00\ub3c4\ub2c8\uc544, \uc544\uce74\uc774\uc544, \uac08\ub77c\ub514\uc544), \uae30\ubd80\uae08\uc744 \uac77\uc5b4 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uc2e0\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ubcf4\ub0c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc774\ubc29\uc778 \uc2e0\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub354\ub77c\uba74 \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc740 \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ub77c\uc84c\uc744\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4. \uaca8\uc6b0 \uc774\ub4e4\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uacfc \uc2e0\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc774 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0 \ud37c\uc84c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ube44\uc794\ud2f4 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub7ec\uc11c\uc57c (Emperor Constantine) \uc62c\ub9ac\ube0c \uc0b0\uc5d0 \uc2b9\ucc9c \uad50\ud68c\ub97c \uc9c0\uc744 \ud5c8\uac00\uac00 \ub0b4\ub838\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uc11c\uae30 135\ub144\uc5d0 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0 \ud56d\uac70\ud558\uc5ec \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ubc18\ub780, \ubc14\ub974 \ucf55\ubc14 \ubc18\ub780\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc790 \ubc18\ub780\uad70\uc740 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50 \uc2e0\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ub3c5\ub9bd \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\uace0 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc778\ub4e4\uc744 \uac10\uc625\uc5d0 \uac00\ub450\uace0, \ubc15\ud574\ud558\uace0 \ucc98\ud615\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> 2\uc138\uae30\uac00 \ub418\uc790, \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uc5c8\ub358 \uccab \uad50\ud68c\ub294 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c0\uace0 \ubc14\uc6b8\uc774 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc81c\uad6d\uc758 \ub300\ub3c4\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc138\uc6e0\ub358 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778 \uad50\ud68c \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub4e4 (\uace0\ub9b0\ub3c4, \ub85c\ub9c8, \uc5d0\ubca0\uc18c \ub4f1)\uc740 \uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ub41c \uc720\ub300\uc778 \ubc18\ub780\uad70 \uc778\uad6c\ub294 100,000\uba85\uc774 \ub118\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc774 \uc788\uc73c\ub098 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub294 \uadf8 \uc808\ubc18, 50,000\uba85\uc774\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \ud558\ub4dc\ub9ac\uc548 \ud669\uc81c\ub294 Britain\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0a4\ub358 Sextus Julius Severus \uc7a5\uad70\uacfc 60,000\uba85\uc758 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\ub97c \ubc18\ub780 \uc9c4\uc555\uc5d0 \ud22c\uc785\ud588\uace0, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uad70\ub300\uc758 1\/3 \uc218\uc900\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00 Cassius Dio\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc774 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub9d0\ub824\ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc8fd\uc740 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \uc804\ud22c\ubcd1\uacfc \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc740 580,000 \uba85\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uccab\uc9f8 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uc8fd\uc740 \uc720\ub300\uc778 \ubcd1\uc0ac\uc758 \uc218\ub3c4 \ube44\uc2b7\ud558\ub2e4. (300,000- 600,000 \uba85)<\/p>\n

135 AD, \ud558\ub4dc\ub9ac\uc548 \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \ub450\ubc88\uc9f8 \ud3ed\ub3d9\uc744 \uc9c4\uc555\ud558\uace0 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc740 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc5d0\uac8c \uae08\uc9c0 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\ub54c\ubd80\ud130 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 diaspora (\ud0c0\ud5a5\uc0b4\uc774)\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n6. \uc81c5 \uacc4\uc2dc\uac00 \ucc45\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ud574\uc9c4 \uc774\uc720<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n\n

♦<\/span> (i) 1347\ub144\uc5d0 \ud751\uc0ac\ubcd1\uc774 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0 \ud37c\uc9c0\uace0, \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc778\uad6c\uac00 1\/3 \uc774 \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c 50\ub144 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc784\uae08\uc774 2\ubc30 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc624\ub974\uace0 \u5320\u4eba\uacfc \uc911\uc0b0\uce35\uc774 \ud655\ub300\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uacbd\uc81c \uc0ac\uc815\uc774 \uac1c\uc120\ub428\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ud559\ubb38\uacfc \uc608\uc220\uc758 \ubd80\ud765, \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uace0 \uc885\uad50 \uac1c\ud601\uc774 \ub4a4\ub530\ub978\ub2e4. (\ub610\ud55c\ud3b8 \ube44\uc2fc \uc784\uae08\uc744 \uc544\ub07c\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uc758 \ubc1c\uba85\uc73c\ub85c \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud601\uba85\uc774 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4.)<\/p>\n

15\uc138\uae30 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \ubd80\uc758 \ucd95\uc801\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uace0 \uc2f6\uc740 \uc911\uc0b0\uce35\uc758 \uc695\uad6c\ub294 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc5d0 \ubc15\ucc28\ub97c \uac00\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/font><\/p>\n

Cappella Brancacci (Florence)\uc758 \ubcbd\ud654 (Massolino \uc791\ud488). \uc790\ub791\ud558\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5b4\uc11c, \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc0ac\ub3c4\uc640 \uc0c1\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc218\uc785\ub41c \ube44\uc2fc \ube44\ub2e8 \uc637 \uac78\uce5c \uac83\uc744 \ubcf4\uc544\ub780 \ub4ef \uc790\ub791\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(ii) \uacf5\uc790\ub098 \ub178\uc790\ub098 (\ub458\uc9f8) \uc774\uc0ac\uc57c \uac19\uc740 \uc120\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc740 \uc778\ub958\ub97c \uae68\uc6b0\uce58\ub294 \ub370 \ud544\uc218\uc600\uae30\ub294 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub7f0 \uc120\uc0dd\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc740 \ud55c \uc138\ub300\uc5d0 \uad6d\ud55c\ub418\uc5b4 \ud6c4\uc138\uc5d0 \uc78a\ud790 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \ud06c\ub2e4. \uc2e0\uad6c\uc57d\uc744 \ube44\ub86f\ud558\uc5ec \uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\uc11c\ub294 in-person \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c (\uac00\uc131\ube44\uac00 \ub0ae\uc740 \uac83\uc744) \ubcf4\uac15\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74,<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\uccab\uc9f8 \uc774\uc0ac\uc57c (proto-Isaiah, Isaiah 1-39). (\uc131\uc804\uc774 \ud30c\uad34\ub418\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0 \uc4f0\uc778 \ub450\ub8e8\ub9c8\ub9ac, 700 BC)<\/p>\n

\ub458\uc9f8 \uc774\uc0ac\uc57c (deutero-Isaiah, Isaiah 40 – 55). \uc131\uc804\uc774 \ud30c\uad34\ub41c \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc4f0\uc778 \ub450\ub8e8\ub9c8\ub9ac. (after 538 BC when Cyrus defeats Babylon.)<\/p>\n

\uc14b\uc9f8 \uc774\uc0ac\uc57c\ub294 (trito-Isaiah, Isaiah 56-66)\ub294 \ubc14\ube4c\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c \ud3ec\ub85c \uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \ub05d\ub0b4\uace0 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uc628 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 (post-exilic period) \uc4f0\uc778 \ub4ef.<\/p>\n

\ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\ub77c\uace0 (Isaiah 64:8) \uac00\ub974\ucce4\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

"You Lord are our Father. We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand."<\/p>\n

\uc774\uc0ac\uc57c\uc11c\ub294 \ub450\ub8e8\ub9c8\ub9ac\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(iii) \uacbd\uc804\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc885\uad50\ub294 \uc624\ub798 \uac08 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(a) \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uad6c\uc57d\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubc14\ube4c\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c 48\ub144\uc758 \ud3ec\ub85c \uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \ub05d\ub09c \ub4a4\uc5d0 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00, \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc758 \ub2e8\uacb0\uc744 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec, Ezra\uac00 \ubaa8\uc138 5\uacbd\uc744 \uc218\uc9d1\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(b) \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2e0\uc57d\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc720\ub300\uad50 \uc18d\uc5d0 \ud55c \uc885\ud30c\ub85c \uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \uc9c0\ud0a4\ub824\uace0 \ud588\uc73c\ub098, \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc2b9\ucc9c \ud6c4 (30 AD) \uc608\uc218\uc758 \ub3d9\uc0dd \uc57c\uace0\ubcf4\uac00 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0 \uccab \uad50\ud68c\ub97c \uc138\uc6b0\uace0 \uadf8 \uc6b0\ub450\uba38\ub9ac\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\ubc29\uc778 \uc2e0\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ud560\ub840 \uc758\ubb34\ub97c \uba74\uc81c\ud574 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

♦<\/span> \ub204\uac00 \ubcf5\uc74c\uacfc \ubc14\uc6b8\uc758 \ud3b8\uc9c0\ub4e4\uc744 \ube44\ub86f\ud558\uc5ec Marcion\uc774 \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e0\uc57d\uc744 \uc218\uc9d1\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\ub97c \ubabb \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. Athanasius\uac00 (367 AD) \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c 4\ubcf5\uc74c\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc5ec, \uc2e0\uc57d \uacbd\uc804\uc774\ub77c \uc778\uc815\ud560 \ucc45 27\uad8c \uc758 \ubaa9\ub85d\uc744 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\uace0, \uc774\uac83\uc740 Council of Carthage (397 AD) \uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uac00\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(c) \ub3c4\uad50\uc5d0\ub294 \ub3c4\ub355\uacbd\uc744 \ube44\ub86f\ud558\uc5ec \u9053\u85cf\uc774 \uc788\uace0, \ubd88\uad50\uc5d0\ub294 \ub300\uc7a5\uacbd\uc774 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc77c\ubcf8\uc758 \uc2e0\ub3c4(\u795e\u9053)\ub294 \uadf8 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \uc2e0\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uac00\ub974\uce58\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uacbd\uc804\uc744 \ub9c8\ub828\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud574\uc11c \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc9c0\ub0a8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc608\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c\ub9cc \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> (iv) \uc778\uc1c4\uc220\uc774 \ubcf4\uae09\ub418\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0\ub294 \uc120\uc0dd\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4 \uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\ub974\uccd0\uc57c \ud588\uace0, \ud6c4\uc77c\uc5d0 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc120\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc758 \uc190\uc744 \uac70\uce58\uba74\uc11c \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \ubcc0\uc9c8\ub418\uac70\ub098 \uc640\uc804\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\ud5a5\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(v) \uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\uc11c\ub294 \ucc98\uc74c\ubd80\ud130 \ucc45\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc640\uc11c \uc9c4\ud654 \uc885\uad50\uc758 \ub2e8\uc810\uc744 \ubcf4\uac15\ud558\uace0 \ucc9c\ub144\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098\ub3c4 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \ubcc0\uc9c8\ub420 \uc6b0\ub824\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(a) \uc9c0\ub09c 2000\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0, \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub294 \ub300\uccb4\ub85c \uc11c\uc591 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc804\ud574\uc84c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(b) \uc601\uc5b4\ub85c \ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \uc804\ud558\uc5ec \uc81c5 \uacc4\uc2dc\ub294 \ub3d9\uc591 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc804\ud30c\ud560 \uc900\ube44\uac00 \ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud55c\uae00\uc774 \uc138\uacc4 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uac00 \ub420 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(c) \uc720\ub780\uc2dc\uc544\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c 1\ucc9c\ub144\uc774\ub098 2\ucc9c\ub144\uc5d0 \ube5b\uacfc \uc0dd\uba85\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\uac00 \uc62c \uac83\uc744 \uaca8\ub0e5\ud55c \ub4ef.\t <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

7. \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc740 \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc81c\uc790 (You are his disciples)<\/p>\n

\uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc81c\uc790(G: Mathitis)\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ub2f9\ubd80\ud558\uc2e0 \ub9d0\uc500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

5\ubc88\uc9f8 \uc0c1\ubb3c\uc9c8 \ubaa8\uc2b5<\/td>\n\n

\uccab \uc5f4\ub450 \uc81c\uc790\ub294 apostolos(\uc2ec\ubd80\ub984\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740\uc790, \ud30c\uacac\ub41c \uc790, \uc0ac\ub3c4\ub77c\uace0) \ubd80\ub974\uace0 \ub098\uba38\uc9c0\ub294 \uc81c\uc790\ub77c \ubd80\ub97c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. (\uc2e0\uad50\uc640 \uad6c\uad50\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9c0\uc704\uc640 \ub4f1\uae09 \ud3ec\ud568)<\/p>\n

Go to all the world proclaiming this gospel<\/p>\n

"(\ub108\ud76c\ub294 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc758 \uc544\ub4e4\uc774\ub77c\ub294) <\/p>\n

\uc628 \uc138\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc11c \uc774 \ubcf5\uc74c\uc744 \uc120\ud3ec\ud558\ub77c."<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

6\ubc88\uc9f8 \uc0c1\ubb3c\uc9c8 \ubaa8\uc2b5, \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\ub4e4 \uc55e\uc5d0<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Go you therefore to all the world.<\/p>\n

"\uadf8\ub7f0\uc989 (\uc774 \uad6c\uc6d0\uc758 \ubcf5\uc74c\uc744 \uc120\ud3ec\ud558\uba74\uc11c) \uc628 \uc138\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\ub77c"<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

10\ubc88\uc9f8 \ucd9c\ud604<\/td>\n\n

Go into all the world proclaiming this gospel of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of men to all nations.<\/p>\n

"\ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc774 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\uc774\uace0 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \ud615\uc81c\uc784\uc744 \uc628 \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ub098\ub77c\uc5d0 \uc804\ud558\ub77c."<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub4dc\ub9ac\uc544 \uc2e0\uc790\ub4e4<\/td>\n\n

Go you therefore into all the world preaching this gospel<\/p>\n

"\uc774 \ubcf5\uc74c\uc744 \uc628 \uc138\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uac00\uc11c \uc804\ud558\ub77c."<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\uc0ac\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8<\/td>\n\n

go into all the world and preach this gospel of the kingdom.<\/p>\n

\uc628 \uc138\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc11c \uc774 \ud558\ub298\ub098\ub77c \ubcf5\uc74c\uc744 \uc804\ud30c\ud558\ub77c.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\uac08\ub9b4\ub9ac\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c<\/td>\n\uc774 \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc774 \ub05d\ub098\uba74 \ub108\ud76c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\ub97c \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc77c\ud558\ub9ac\ub77c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\ub9c8\uac00\uc758 2\uce35 \ubc29<\/td>\n\n

\uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc628 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc804\ud30c\ud558\ub77c\ub294 \uc61b \ubcf5\uc74c\uc774<\/p>\n

"\uc608\uc218\uac00 \ubd80\ud65c\ud558\uc168\ub2e4"\ub294 \uc0c8 \ubcf5\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\ub00c\uc5c8\ub2e4<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\uc2b9\ucc9c \uc2dc (\uc62c\ub9ac\ube0c \uc0b0\uc5d0\uc11c)<\/td>\n\n

\uba3c\uc800 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\ud558\uace0<\/span>, <\/p>\n

"(\uc8fc\uac00 \uad8c\ub2a5\uacfc \uc601\ud654\ub85c\uc6c0 \uc18d\uc5d0 \uc8fc\uac00 \ub3cc\uc544\uc624\uae30\ub97c \uae30\ub2e4\ub9ac\ub290\ub77c\uace0, \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uace0)<\/p>\n

\ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc138\uc0c1 \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac00\uc11c \uc774 \ud558\ub298\ub098\ub77c \ubcf5\uc74c\uc744 \uc804\ud558\ub77c."<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

\uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uad50\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc788\ub358 \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\uc758 \ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \ub530\ub790\ub294\uac00?<\/p>\n

(a) \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818<\/span> \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \uc2e0\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc11c\uae30 70\ub144\uc5d0 \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uc131\uc804\uc774 \ud30c\uad34\ub418\uc790 \ud3a0\ub77c\ub85c \ub3c4\ub9dd \uac14\ub2e4\uac00 \uc2dc\uc628 \uc0b0, \ub9c8\uac00\uc758 2\uce35 \ubc29\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00\uc11c \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc7ac\ub9bc\uc744 \uae30\ub2e4\ub9ac\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc11c\uae30 135\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0, \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818 \uad50\ud68c\ub294 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(b) \uc774\ubc29\uc778\uc758 \uad50\ud68c<\/span> \uc989 \ubc14\uc6b8\uc774 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc138\uc6e0\ub358 \uad50\ud68c\/\uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub4e4\uc774 (\uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub4dc\ub9ac\uc544, \ucf54\ub9b0\ud1a0, \ud14c\uc0b4\ub85c\ub2c8\uae4c, \uc5d0\ubca0\uc18c, \uc548\ud2f0\uc625, \ub85c\ub9c8 \ub4f1) \ub545\ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubd80\ud65c\ud558\uc2e0 \uc608\uc218\ub97c \uc804\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uac00\ub974\uce5c \ubcf5\uc74c\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(c) \ubc14\uc6b8\uacfc \ubca0\ub4dc\ub85c\uac00 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc758 Mamertine \uac10\uc625\uc5d0\uc11c \uc21c\uad50\ub41c \ud6c4 (67 AD) 5\uc138\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \uad50\ud669 Leo I \uc138 \ub54c\ubd80\ud130 \uce74\ud1a8\ub9ad \uad50\ud68c\uac00 \ucd5c\uace0\uc784\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4. (Papal supremacy) <\/p>\n

(d) Vatican (\uad50\ud669\uccad)\uc774 \uce74\ud1a8\ub9ad \uad50\ud68c\ub97c \uc911\uc559 \uc9d1\uad8c \uccb4\uc81c\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\uace0 \ub85c\ub9c8 \uce74\ud1a8\ub9ad\uacfc \ub3d9\ubc29 \uc815\uad50\ud68c\uc758 \ub300\ubd84\uc5f4\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub2e4, (Great Schism, 1054 AD) <\/p>\n

(e) 4\ucc28 \uc2ed\uc790\uad70 \uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 Venice \uc758 \uce74\ud1a8\ub9ad \uad50\ub3c4\ub4e4\uc774 \ub3d9\ubc29 \uc815\uad50\ud68c\uc758 \ub3c4\uc2dc Constantinople \uc744 \uc57d\ud0c8\ud588\uace0 (1204 AD), \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uacb0\uad6d Byzantine \uc81c\uad6d\uc758 \uc885\ub9d0\uc744 \uac00\uc838 \uc654\ub2e4. (1453 AD)<\/p>\n

(f) Martin Luther\uc758 \uc885\uad50 \uac1c\ud601 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 (1517 AD) \uc2e0\uad50\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc885\ud30c\ub3c4 \uc911\uc559 \uc9d1\uad8c \uccb4\uc81c\ub97c \ub530\ub790\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

8. \uacc4\uc2dc\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc81c\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ubd80\ud0c1\ud55c \uac83<\/p>\n

(\uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc740 \uc608\uc218\uc758 \uc81c\uc790)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

(a) Possess your souls in patience (Luke 21:19)<\/p>\n

→Stay calm, maintain self-control and survive during hard times\u3134. <\/p>\n

(\uc778\ub0b4\ud568\uc73c\ub85c \uc601\ud63c\uc744 \uc5bb\uc73c\ub77c, \uc989 \uce68\ucc29\uc744 \uc783\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uace0 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc2dc\uc808\uc744 \uacac\ub514\ub77c)<\/p>\n

(b) Create thousands of study groups<\/p>\n

(\uc911\uc559 \uc9d1\uad8c \uccb4\uc81c, \uc0c8 \uad50\ud68c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c) \uacf5\ubd80\ud558\ub294 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc744 \ub9ce\uc774 \ub9cc\ub4e4\ub77c<\/p>\n

(c) Translate into many languages<\/p>\n

\uc5ec\ub7ec \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub85c \ubc88\uc5ed\ud560 \uac83.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\t\t\t\t <\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\t <\/font>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 <\/td>\n\n

\ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9cc\ub09c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4<\/span> (132\ud3b8)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Outline<\/td>\n\n

1. \ucc38\ub41c \uac00\uce58 (\uc559\uac00\ubaac)<\/p>\n

2. \uc120\uacfc \uc545 (\ub9c8\ub974\ub450\uc2a4)<\/p>\n

3. \uc9c4\uc2e4\uacfc \ubbff\uc74c<\/p>\n

4. \ub098\ubcf8<\/p>\n

5. \uac1c\uc778\uc801 \ubd09\uc0ac<\/p>\n

6. \ubd80\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \uc870\uc5b8 (\ub3c8\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubc8c\uae4c, \uc4f8\uae4c)<\/p>\n

7. \uc0ac\ud68c \ubd09\uc0ac<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce58\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95<\/td>\n\n

6\uac1c\uc6d4 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \uba38\ubb34\ub974\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0, \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uacac\uc720\ud559\ud30c\u318d\uae08\uc695\uc8fc\uc758\ud30c\u318d\uc2e0\ube44 \uc885\ud30c\uc758 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \uc218\uc18c\ubb38\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ub97c \ub098\ub204\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(i) \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50 \uc804\ub3c4\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \uace7 \ub85c\ub9c8\ub85c \uc62c \uac83\uc744 \ub0b4\ub2e4\ubcf4\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(ii) \ud55c \ubc88\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc798\ubabb\uc744 \uacf5\uaca9<\/span>\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uac00\ub974\uce68\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uacb0\uc810\uc744 \uc5b8\uae09\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\uc2e0\uc758 \ud55c \uc218<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\uc608\uc218\uc758 <\/p>\n

\uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc870\uce58<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\uc608\uc218\uac00 \ub9cc\ub09c \uc885\uad50 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790 32\uba85 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c 30\uba85\uc774 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub97c \uc138\uc6b0\ub294 \uc8fc\ucd95\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uac00 \uae09\uc18d\ud788 \uc804\ud30c\ub418\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uc608\uc218\uc758 3\uac00\uc9c0 \uc870\uce58: <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> 1. \uc2dc\ubaac \ubca0\ub4dc\ub85c<\/span>\ub97c \uc0ac\ub3c4\ub85c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uace0 \ubd99\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub454 \uac83. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> 2. \uc608\ub8e8\uc0b4\ub818\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2a4\ud14c\ubc18<\/span>\uacfc \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ud55c \uac83. <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> 3. \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \ud6c4\uc77c\uc5d0 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub97c \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud560 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc778 30\uba85<\/span>\uc744 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc608\ube44\ud55c \uac83. <\/p>\n

\uc608\uc218\ub294 \ud55c \ubc88\uc5d0 3\uba85\uc744 \ub9cc\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \ub450 \uba85\uc744 \ub118\uac8c \ub9cc\ub098\ub294 \uc77c\uc774 \ub4dc\ubb3c\uc5c8\uace0, \ud558\ub098\uc529 \uac00\ub974\uce5c \uc801\uc774 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub9ce\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\ubca0\ub4dc\ub85c\ub294 \ub2e4\ub9c8\uc2a4\ucee4\uc2a4 \uc11c\uae30\uad00\uc774 \uc608\uc218\uc600\uc744\uc9c0 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4\uace0 \ucd94\uce21\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8 \uc0dd\uac01\uc744 \ub5a8\uccd0\ubc84\ub838\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n1. \ucc38\ub41c \uac00\uce58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\uc559\uac00\ubaac<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\uae08\uc695\uc8fc\uc758\ud30c<\/span> (Stoics) \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790 \uc559\uac00\ubaac\uc744 \uac00\ub974\ucce4\ub2e4.
\n \uc559\uac00\ubaac\uc740 \ub098\uc911\uc5d0 \ubc14\uc6b8\uacfc \uce5c\uad6c\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. (\uc608\uc218\uc758 \uac00\ub974\uce68)<\/p>\n

(i) \ucc38\ub41c \uac00\uce58\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc740 (\ubb3c\uc9c8\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c) \uc601\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(ii) \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc801 \uae30\uc900\uc740 (\uad8c\ub825\uacfc \uc7ac\uc0b0 \ub530\uc704) \ubaa8\ub450 \uc77c\uc2dc\uc801\u318d\ubd80\ubd84\uc801\uc774\uba70 \uc5f4\ub4f1\ud558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc5c4\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \ub9d0\ud558\uba74, \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub294 \uc790\uae30\uac00 \uc720\ubb3c\ub860\uc790\ub098 \uc774\uc0c1\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud560 \uad8c\ub9ac\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \ud0dc\ub3c4\ub294 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ucca0\ud559\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(iii) \ub192\uc740 \ub3c4\ub355\uc801 \uac00\uce58\uad00\uacfc \uc601\uc801 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uacfc\ud559\uc790\uc640 \uc774\uc0c1\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub294 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ud234 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. (\uac01\uc790\uac00 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc5f0\uc7a5\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4)<\/p>\n

(iv) \uc5b4\ub290 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \uacfc\ud559\uc774\ub098 \uc885\uad50\uac00 \uac70\uc9d3\ub418\ub2e4\uba74, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc744 \uc815\ud654(\u6de8\u5316)\ud558\ub4e0\uc9c0, \uc544\ub2c8\uba74 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc838\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4 <\/p>\n

(Shape up or ship out<\/span>) <\/p>\n

\ud604\ub300\uc778\uc758 \uc885\uad50\ub3c4 \uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\uc73c\ub824\uba74 \uc815\ud654\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n2. \uc120\uacfc \uc545<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\ub9c8\ub974\ub450\uc2a4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ub9c8\ub974\ub450\uc2a4\ub294 \uacac\uc720\ud559\ud30c<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uc815\ubc1b\uc740 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\uc600\ub2e4. \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc120\uacfc \uc545\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub9c8\ub974\ub450\uc2a4\uc758 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc5d0 \ub300\ub2f5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc120\uacfc \uc545\uc740 \uc870\uc808\uc790\uc758 \uc601\uc801 \uae30\uc900\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(i) \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uba85\ub839, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uad00\uc2b5, \uc885\uad50\uc758 \ub3c5\ub2e8\uc744 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub530\ub974\ub294, \uc601\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub208\uc774 \uba3c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uc9c0\uc801 \uc575\ubb34\uc0c8<\/span>\uc694, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\ub3d9 \uc778\ud615, \uc885\uad50\uc801 \uad8c\ud55c\uc5d0 \uc885\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(ii) \uc778\uac04\uc774 \uc131\uc7a5\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \uc120\uc774 \ucee4\uc9c0\uace0 \uc545\uc774 \uc904\uc5b4\ub4dc\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud63c\uc774 \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9 \uc601 \uc218\uc900\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0, \uc545\ud55c \uac83\uc744 \uccb4\ud5d8\ud558\ub294 \ub2a5\ub825\uc740 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(iii) \ud30c\ub77c\ub2e4\uc774\uc2a4\uc5d0 \uc774\ub97c \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0, \uc120\uc740 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub098 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c\uc77c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ud30c\ub77c\ub2e4\uc774\uc2a4\uc5d0 \uc774\ub97c \ub54c\uac00 \ub418\uba74, \ud558\ub298 \uac00\ub294 \ud544\uc0ac\uc790\ub294 \uc0dd\uba85\uc758 \ube5b\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc18c\uc720\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(iv) \uc545\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc740 \ub3c4\ub355\uc801 \uc120\ud0dd\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc545\uc774 \ud604\uc2e4\ud654\ub420 \ud544\uc694\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n3. \uc9c4\uc2e4\uacfc \ubbff\uc74c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\ub098\ubcf8\uc5d0\uac8c \ud558\uc2e0 \ub9d0\uc500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ub098\ubcf8\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uacc4 \uc720\ub300\uc778\uc774\uc694, \ubbf8\ud2b8\ub77c(Mithras) \uad50<\/span>\uc5d0\uc11c \uc73c\ub738\uac00\ub294 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\uc600\ub2e4. \uc608\uc218\ub294 \ub098\ubcf8\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc9c4\uc2e4\uacfc \ubbff\uc74c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \ud1a0\ub860\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

12\uc6d4 25\uc77c<\/span>\uc740 \ubbf8\ud2b8\ub77c\uc2a4\uc758 \uc0dd\uc77c.<\/p>\n

(i) \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc740 \ub9d0\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc624\uc9c1 \uc2e4\ucc9c<\/span>\ud568\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ub97c \ub0b4\ub9b4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc9c0\ud61c\ub294 \ucc38\ub41c \ucca0\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc740 \uc601\uc801 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc758 \uc885\uad50\uc801 \uccb4\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(ii) \ubbff\uc74c\uc744 \uc2e4\ucc9c\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc790\ub294 \uacb0\ucf54 \uc778\ud488\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc131\uc774 \uc19f\uc544\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(iii) (\uc870\uc808\uc790 \uc5b8\uae09) \ubbff\uc74c\uc740<\/span> \uc2e0\uc131\ud55c \ubd88\uaf43, \uace7 \ubd88\uba78\uc758 \uc528\ub208\uc774 \ud65c\ub3d9\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ud574\ubc29\ud558\uace0, \uadf8 \uc528\ub208\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc9c0\uc131 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ub294\ub370, \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc601\uc0dd\uc758 \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc131\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(iv) \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ud63c(\uc778\uaca9)\uc740 \uae43\ub4dc\ub294 \uc774 \uc2e0\uc131\uc758 \ubd88\uaf43\uacfc<\/span> \uc5f0\ud569\ud568\uc73c\ub85c \uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\ub294\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(v) \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uc740 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4\u2015\uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\ub294\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc0dd\uba85\uc774 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\ub0b4\ub294 \uacfc\uc81c\ub97c \uac00\uc84c\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \ubbff\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ud65c\uae30\ub97c \uc5bb\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ud63c\uc740 \uc774 \uc6b4\uba85\uc758 \ubaa9\ud45c\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0 \uba48\ucd9c \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\n

4. \uac1c\uc778\uc801 \ubd09\uc0ac<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\ub9d0\uc500\uc758 \uc694\uc810<\/td>\n\n

\uc608\uc218\ub294 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548, \uc55e\ub0a0\uc5d0 \uc81c\uc790\uac00 \ub420 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc744 \uc900\ube44\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uc77c\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc5ec\uac00\ub97c \uc4f0\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc778\uac04\uacfc \uc811\ucd09\ud558\ub294 \ub370\ub294 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \ubaa9\uc801<\/span>\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4: <\/p>\n

(i) \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc778\uc0dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubc18\uc751\ud558\ub294\uac00 \uc54c\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5b4\ud588\uace0, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc778\uc0dd\uc744 \uac00\uce58 \uc788\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \ub9d0\uc500\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ud589\ud560 \uc0dd\uac01\uc744 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

(ii) \uc608\uc218\uac00 \uc804\ud55c \ub9d0\uc500\uc758 \uc694\uc810\uc740, <\/p>\n

\ud558\ub298 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\uc758 \uc0ac\ub791\uc774 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\uc694, <\/p>\n

\ubbff\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc758 \uc544\ub4e4\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc608\uc218\uac00 \ub9cc\ub09c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ub85c\ub9c8\uc758 \uc5b4\ub290 \uc0c1\uc6d0 \uc758\uc6d0\uacfc \uc815\uce58 \uc815\uc2e0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ub97c \ub098\ub204\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc815\ubd80\ub97c \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uad00\ub150\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\ub3c4\ub85d \ub3d9\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc744 \uc124\ub4dd\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud5db\ub418\uc774 \uc560\uc37c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

(i) \uc5b4\ub290 \ubd80\uc720\ud55c \ub178\uc608 \uc18c\uc720\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc758 \uc544\ub4e4\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\ub974\ucce4\ub2e4. \uc774\ud2bf\ub0a0 \ud074\ub77c\uc6b0\ub514\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub294 \ub178\uc608 117\uba85\uc5d0\uac8c \uc790\uc720\ub97c \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

1\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \ub178\uc608\uc758 \uac12\uc740 \ub300\uccb4\ub85c 500 denarii (\uc57d 4400 USD). \ub178\uc608\ub97c \ud574\ubc29\ud560 \uad8c\ud55c\uc740 \uc18c\uc720\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098 5% \ud574\ubc29\uc138\ub97c \ubb3c\uc5b4\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

Edict of Diocletian on Maximum Prices <\/span> (301 AD<\/span>), <\/p>\n

\uc778\ud50c\ub808\uc774\uc158\uc744 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\ub290\ub77c\uace0 1000\uac1c \uc774\uc0c1\uc758 \uc0dd\ud544\ud488\uc758 \uac00\uaca9\uc744 \uace0\uc2dc\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc885\uc758 \uac12\uc740 400 \ub370\ub098\ub9ac\uc628 (\uc740\uc804), \uac00\ub8df \uc720\ub2e4\uac00 \ubc1b\uc740 \ub3c8 (\uc740\uc804 30 \ub370\ub098\ub9ac\uc628\uc774 \uc885\uc758 \uac12\uc774\uc5c8\uc73c\ub2c8, 300\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0 \ubb3c\uac00\uac00 10\ubc30 \ub118\uac8c \uc62c\ub77c\uc11c \ud669\uc81c\uac00 \ubb3c\uac00\ub97c \uc7a1\uc73c\ub824\uace0 \uc560\uc4f4 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \uad70\uc778 \ubd09\uae09 (\ub9c8\ub9ac\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub294 112 \ub370\ub098\ub9ac\uc628\uc744 \uc9c0\ubd88\ud588\uace0, \ucf00\uc790\ub294 225 \ub370\ub098\ub9ac\uc628\uc73c\ub85c \uad70\uc778\uc758 \uc5f0\ubd09\uc744 \ub450\ubc30\ub85c \uc62c\ub824\uc11c \uc778\uae30\uac00 \uc88b\uc558\ub2e4, 55 BC) 50 denarii was deducted for food (1\ub144 \uc2dd\ube44), and 60 for arms. \ubd09\uae09\uc758 \uc808\ubc18\uc774 \uc2dd\ube44\uc640 \ubb34\uae30\ube44\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac14\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc5b5\uc6b8\ud558\uac8c \uace0\ubc1c\ub2f9\ud55c \uc5b4\ub290 \uac00\ub09c\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc744 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc608\uc218\ub294 \ud310\uc0ac \uc55e\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcc0\ub860\ud558\uc600\ub2e4: <\/p>\n

(ii) \uc815\uc758(\u6b63\u7fa9)\ub294 \ub098\ub77c\ub97c \uc704\ub300\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uba70, \ub098\ub77c\uac00 \uc704\ub300\ud560\uc218\ub85d \uac00\uc7a5 \ube44\ucc9c\ud55c \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub3c4 \ubd80\ub2f9\ud55c \ud310\uacb0\uc744 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub3c4\ub85d \ucc98\ub9ac\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ub354\uc6b1 \uc560\uc4f8 \uac83\uc774\ub77c. <\/p>\n

\uc99d\uac70\ub97c \uc0c5\uc0c5\uc774 \uc870\uc0ac\ud55c \ub4a4\uc5d0, \ud310\uc0ac\ub294 \uadf8 \uc8c4\uc218\ub97c \ud50c\uc5b4\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n5. \ubd80\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \uc870\uc5b8\uc744 \uc8fc\ub2e4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10\uac00\uc9c0 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0<\/td>\n\n

\uc5b4\ub290 \ubd80\uc790\uac00 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc73c\ub85c \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \ud558\uaca0\ub294\uac00 \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0 \ub3c8\uc744 \uc4f0\ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0\uc500\uc740 \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \ub3c8\uc744 \uc815\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c \ubc8c\uc5c8\ub294\uac00 \ubb3b\uace0, \ubd80\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c \ubc8c\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba74 \ubcf4\uc0c1\ud558\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\uc500\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ubd80\uc790\uac00 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc368\uc57c \ud558\ub9ac\uc774\uae4c? <\/p>\n

\ub124\uac00 \ubb3c\uc5c8\uc73c\ub2c8 \uc870\uc5b8\uc744 \uc8fc\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\ub294 \ub108\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uac83\uc774\uc694, \ub0a8\uc5d0\uac8c\uc11c \uadf8\ub7f0 \ud589\ub3d9\uc744 \uae30\ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc758 10\uac00\uc9c0 \uadfc\uc6d0<\/span>\uc744 \ud30c\uc545\ud558\ub77c. <\/p>\n

“1. \ubb3c\ub824\ubc1b\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“2. \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uc7ac\uc0b0\u2015\ub300\uc9c0(\u5927\u5730)\uc758 \uac1c\ubc1c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc790\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“3. \uc0c1\uc5c5 \uc7ac\uc0b0\u2015\ubb3c\uc9c8 \uc0c1\ud488\uc758 \uad50\ud658\uacfc \ubb3c\ubb3c \uad50\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\ub2f9\ud55c \uc774\uc775\uc73c\ub85c \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“4. \ubd80\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c \ucc29\ucde8\ud55c<\/span> \uc7ac\uc0b0\u2015\uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub3d9\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc744 \ubd80\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c \ucc29\ucde8\ud55c \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“5. \uc774\uc790(\u5229\u5b50)\ub85c \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0\u2015\ud22c\uc790\ud55c \uc790\ubcf8\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uacf5\ud3c9\ud558\uace0 \uc815\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c \ubc84\ub294 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0dd\uae30\ub294 \uc18c\ub4dd. <\/p>\n

“6. \ucc9c\uc7ac(\u5929\u624d)\ub85c \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0\u2015\ubc1c\uba85\ud558\ub294 \uc790\uc9c8\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“7. \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788 \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“8. \ud6d4\uce5c \uc7ac\uc0b0<\/span>\u2015\ubd88\uacf5\ud3c9\u318d\ubd80\uc815\uc9c1\u318d\ub3c4\ub451\uc9c8 \ub610\ub294 \uc0ac\uae30(\u8a50\u6b3a)\ub85c \ud655\ubcf4\ud55c \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“9. \uc2e0\ud0c1(\u4fe1\u8a17) \uae30\uae08\u2015\uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc6a9\ub3c4\ub97c \uc704\ud558\uc5ec, \ub3d9\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc774 \ub124 \uc190\uc5d0 \ub9e1\uae34 \uc7ac\uc0b0. <\/p>\n

“10. \ubc8c\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc778 \uc7ac\uc0b0\u2015\uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \ubab8\uc18c \uc218\uace0\ud558\uc5ec \uc9c1\uc811 \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0, \ubc14\ub85c \ub108\uc758 \uc815\uc2e0\uacfc \ubab8\uc774 \ub098\ub0a0\uc774 \ub178\ub825\ud558\uc5ec \uc5bb\ub294 \uacf5\ud3c9\ud558\uace0 \ub9c8\ub545\ud55c \ubcf4\uc0c1. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud560 \uac83\uc778\uac00<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud558\ub294\uac00<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\uc815\uc758\u318d\uacf5\ud3c9\u318d\uacf5\uc815\u318d\ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc758 \uc815\uc2e0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud558\ub77c. <\/p>\n

\uc758\uc2ec\uc774 \ub4e4 \ub54c, \uace4\uad81\ud55c \uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \uc720\ub9ac\ud558\uac8c \uacb0\uc815\uc744 \ub0b4\ub9ac\ub77c. <\/p>\n

1. \ubb3c\ub824\ubc1b\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0, \ubd80\ub2f9\ud55c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc740 <\/span> \ubc30\uc0c1\ud558\ub77c. \ub098\uba38\uc9c0\ub294 \uc798 \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\uc5ec \ud6c4\uc138\uc5d0 \uc804\ub2ec\ud558\ub77c. <\/p>\n

2. \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc740 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ucd5c\ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \uc778\uac04<\/span>\uc744 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc368\ub77c.<\/p>\n

(John Stewart Mill: Greatest good for the greatest number)<\/p>\n

3. \uc0c1\uc5c5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5bb\ub294 \uc7ac\uc0b0 \uc911\uc5d0 \uc815\ub2f9\ud55c \uc774\uc775\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud574\ub3c4 \uc88b\uc73c\ub098, \ub098\uba38\uc9c0\ub294 \uc18c\uacac\ub300\ub85c \uc368\ub77c. <\/p>\n

4. \ubd80\ub2f9\ud55c \uc7ac\uc0b0<\/span>\uc740 \ube7c\uc557\uae34 \uc790\uc5d0\uac8c, \ub610\ub294 \uadf8 \uc790\uc190\uc5d0\uac8c \ub3cc\ub824\uc8fc\ub77c. <\/p>\n

5. \uc815\uc9c1\ud558\uac8c \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc740 \uc774\uc790\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544 \ub9c8\ub545\ud558\ub2c8\ub77c. <\/p>\n

6. \ucc9c\uc7ac\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud574\ub3c4, \uadf8 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ube5a\uc744 \uc84c\ub290\ub2c8\ub77c. \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \uacf5\ud3c9\ud558\uac8c \ubd84\ubc30\ud558\ub294 \uc6d0\uce59\uc744 \uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub290\ub2c8\ub77c. \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ud615\uc81c\uc784\uc744 \uae68\ub2ec\uc73c\uba74, \uacf5\ud3c9\ud558\uac8c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc778\ub3c4\ud558\ub9ac\ub77c. <\/p>\n

7. \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788 \uad74\ub7ec\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc628 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc740 \uac1c\uc778 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc2e0\ud0c1(\u4fe1\u8a17) \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uace0 \ucc98\ubd84\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub290\ub2c8\ub77c. <\/p>\n

8. \ubd80\ub2f9\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \ubc88 \ub3c8\uc740 \uc8fc\uc778\uc5d0\uac8c \ub3cc\ub824\uc8fc\uace0, \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \uae68\ub057\uc774 \ud558\ub77c<\/span>. <\/p>\n

9. \uc2e0\ud0c1 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \uc704\ud0dc\ub86d\uac8c \ud558\uc9c0 \ub9d0\ub77c. <\/p>\n

10. \uc815\uc2e0\uacfc \uc721\uccb4\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5bb\uc740 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc740 \ub3d9\ub8cc\ub97c \ud574\uce58\uc9c0 <\/span> \uc54a\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub77c. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n6. \uc0ac\ud68c \ubd09\uc0ac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\uae38 \uc783\uc740 \uc544\uc774<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\uc608\uc218\uc640 \uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\ub294 \uc5b4\ub290 \uae38 \uc783\uc740 \uc544\uc774\ub97c \uc5b4\uba38\ub2c8\uc5d0\uac8c \ub3cc\ub824\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

"\ub108\ub3c4 \uc54c\ub2e4\uc2dc\ud53c, \uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\uc57c, \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \uc778\uac04\uc740 \uae38\uc744 \uc783\uc740 \uc544\uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc73c\ub2c8\ub77c." <\/p>\n

\ub2e4\uc12f \uc544\uc774\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4 \uacfc\ubd80\ub97c \uc5ec\ub7ec \ubc88 \uc704\ub85c\ud558\ub7ec \uac14\uace0, \ub9cf\uc544\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ucc3e\uc544\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uace0\ub178\ub4dc\uac00 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4: "\ub2f9\uc2e0\uc740 \ubbf8\ub798 \uc138\ub300\ub97c \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \ucc45\uc744 \uc368\uc57c \ud558\uc624." <\/p>\n

\uc608\uc218\ub294 \ub300\ub2f5\ud588\ub2e4: “\ucc45\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\u2015\ub0b4 \uc0ac\uba85\uc740 \uc774 \uc138\ub300\uc5d0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc138\ub300\ub97c \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc77c\uc0dd\uc744 \uc0ac\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc678\ub2e4." <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n7. \ub85c\ub9c8 \uadfc\ucc98\uc5d0\uc11c \ud55c \uc5ec\ud589<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \uc804\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uacbd\uc6b0<\/td>\n\n

\ubd81\ubd80 \uc774\ud0c8\ub9ac\uc544\uc758 \ud638\uc218\ub4e4\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\ubcf4\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

\uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc65c \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc758 \ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \uc804\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uac00 \uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\uac00 \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4: <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

"\uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\uc57c, \uadf8 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc5d0 \uac08\uae09\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0 \uc790\uc2e0\uc5d0\uac8c \ubd88\ub9cc\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub290\ub2c8\ub77c. \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc744 \uc694\uccad\ud560 \uc900\ube44\uac00 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \ub9c8\uc74c\uc758 \ub208\uc740 \ud63c\uc744 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \ube5b\uc744 \ubc1b\uc73c\ub824\uace0 \uc5f4\ub824 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uc9c0\ub77c" <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n\ubd80\ub2e4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc758\uacac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\ubd80\ub2e4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc758\uacac<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\uc2a4\uc704\uc2a4\ub97c \ubc29\ubb38\ud558\ub294 \uae38\uc5d0 \uace0\ub178\ub4dc\ub294 \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4. “\ub098\ub294 \ub2f9\uc2e0\uc774 \ubd80\ub2e4\ub97c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc815\ub9d0\ub85c \uc54c\uace0 \uc2f6\uc18c\uc774\ub2e4.” \uc608\uc218\ub294 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ub300\ub2f5\ud588\ub2e4: <\/p>\n

\ubd80\ub2e4\ub294 "\ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc758 \uc0ac\uc790\ub85c\uc11c \uc0b4\uace0 \uac00\ub974\uce58\ub824\uace0 \uc560\uc37c\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud558\ub098\ub2d8 \uc5c6\uc774 \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud558\uc600\uc18c\uc774\ub2e4. \ubd80\ub2e4\ub294 \uc548\uc804\ud55c \ud56d\uad6c \ubc14\ub85c \uc55e\uae4c\uc9c0, \uc0ac\ub78c\uc744 \uad6c\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \ud53c\ub09c\ucc98 \uc785\uad6c(\u5165\u53e3) \ubc14\ub85c \uc55e\uae4c\uc9c0 \uad6c\uc6d0\uc758 \ubc30\ub97c \uc548\ub0b4\ud558\uc600\uace0 \uac70\uae30\uc11c \uc798\ubabb\ub41c \ud574\ub3c4(\u6d77\u5716) \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc88b\uc740 \ubc30\uac00 \ub545\uc73c\ub85c \uc62c\ub77c\uac00 \ubc84\ub838\uc18c\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n

"\uc624\ub298\ub0a0, \ubd88\uad50\ub3c4\ub294 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8 \uc5c6\ub294 \ucca0\ud559<\/span> \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\ubc84\ub465\uce58\uace0, \ud55c\ud3b8 \ub0b4 \ubbfc\uc871\uc740 \uc0dd\uba85\uacfc \uc790\uc720\uc758 \ucca0\ud559, \uc720\uc775\ud55c \ucca0\ud559(\u54f2\u5b78)\uc774 \uc5c6\uc774, \ubd88\uc30d\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uc744 \ub450\ub824\uc6cc\ud558\ub294 \uc885<\/span>\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uc18c\uc774\ub2e4." <\/p>\n

\ubd88\uad50\ub97c \ube44\ud310\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \ubd88\uad50\uc640 \uc720\ub300\uad50\uc758 \uc7a5\ub2e8\uc810 \ube44\uad50.<\/p>\n

\uadf8\ub54c \uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\uac00 \uc678\ucce4\ub2e4: “\uc120\uc0dd\uc774\uc5ec, \ub2f9\uc2e0\uacfc <\/p>\n

♦<\/span> \ub0b4\uac00 \uc0c8 \uc885\uad50\ub97c, \uc778\ub3c4\ub97c \uc704\ud574\uc11c \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc88b\uace0 \ub85c\ub9c8\ub97c \uc704\ud574\uc11c \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \ud070 \uc885\uad50\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4ed\uc2dc\ub2e4." <\/p>\n

\uac00\ub2c8\ub4dc\ub294 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4: “\uc544\uc138\uc694, \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0, \ub098\ub294 \ub54c\ub54c\ub85c \uc694\uc218\uc544\uac00 \uc120\uc9c0\uc790\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub098\uc774\ub2e4.” \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\ub294 \uc7a0\uc774 \uc624\ub294 \ubaa9\uc18c\ub9ac\ub85c \uaca8\uc6b0 \ub300\ub2f5\ud588\ub2e4: “\uc544\ub4e4\uc544, \ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\ub3c4 \uc788\ub290\ub2c8\ub77c\u2015” <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/center><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\uae30\ucd08\ubc18 \uc218\uc5c5 \uc81c\ubaa9 3. \ub3cc \uc704\uc5d0 \ub3cc \ud558\ub098\ub3c4 \ub0a8\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ub418\ub9ac\ub77c (D132) (\uc131\ud604\uc758 \uc874\uce6d\uc744 \uc0dd\ub7b5\ud558\ub2c8 \uc591\ud574\ud558\uc2dc\uae30 \ubc14\ub78d\ub2c8\ub2e4)   1. \ub85c\ub9c8 \uc138\uacc4\uc640 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \uc804\ud30c \ucc9c\uc0ac +\uc911\ub3c4\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc900\ube44 \uac1c\uc778\uc801 \uc758\uacac\ub3c4 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4.… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-4"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pb37T2-HY","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2726"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2746,"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions\/2746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lightandlife.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}